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Active Particles at the Temelín NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions
KAŇKOVSKÝ, Josef
Active Particles at the Temelin NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions The term active particle (AC) was applied on Temelín NPP (ETE) in order to denominate small fragments of high radioactive matters, sized up to 1 millimeter, forming into primary circuit. In accordance with latest available know-how, the ACs major contains corrosion products, that were activated during passing through reactor core. After primary circuit opening, due to carry out outage works, the ACs will spread into ETE radiation controlled area. In proportion to their size, the ACs activity is relative high, so that the ACs can jeopard workers, who will contact them. This jeopardy is namely associated with AC penetration into organism - ingestion or inhalation. The main goal of this dissertation is to determine grounds of ACs occurence in Temelín NPP, to review ACs radiobiological risks and to evaluate procedures and protective aids, used for assurance of workers radiation protection. This dissertation is resuming actual know-how about ACs occured and occuring in Temelín NPP, including suggestions for radiation protection procedures and for protective aids utilization, that are to be used for reduction of above mentioned jeopardy. Next areas are concerned: - analysis of ACs forming and matters composition - description of ACs physical-radiation parameters - identification of main ACs sources in primary circuit - assesment and evaluation of radiobiological jeopardies, associated with ACs occurence in Temelín NPP radiation controlled area - assesment of procedures and protective aids used for protection of workers, who can be endangered by ACs
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The use of personal dosimetry on nuclear power plants abroad
KAUCA, Michal
There is performed the analyse of the use of personal dosimetry on nuclear power plants abroad compared with the situation in Czech Republic in this work. There is made the quality compare the usage of particular kinds of personal dosimetry on basis of informations got from choice nuclear operations, and the compare it with the situation in Czech Republic. I chose the way of getting of data by e-mail. On basis of got informations I made the compare as was objective this work. By compare of situation in radiation protection was found, the used personal dosimeters abroad and in Czech Republic are the same type almost. Some states including Czech Republic go over to legalization of personal electronic dosimeter as primary instrument of radiation protection. The matter of interest is the situation in Slovakia, where is receded from this type of dosimeter as primary and they returned to the previous type of dosimeters. Another speciality are the authorised limits for radiation worker in controled zone also for pregnant women in Japan. It isn´t usual in other states. This work refers to influence of personal dosimetry over the level of radiation protection in nuclear establishment and also over the connection of safety disposal in personal dosimetry with approved legislative in choice states, over the necessity of the controle, the competence of personal and also the progressive research and development in personal dosimetry. It is necessary to see the radiation protection globally. The personal dosimetry will have been not only national problem but also international matter. The new development in the sphere of passive and electronic dosimeters up to the complete global concepts of control is operationed already today in many states and it is offered in the international market still more often.
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Solving of failures on the equipment Diamo and Dasor
KOTRBA, Kamil
This essay "The possibilities of trouble shooting of Diamo and Dasor devices" describes different types of DIAMO-S and DASOR-601JR systems failures and the ways of their solutions in the forma which can be used for the training of new employees in the I&C technician position.
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Independent monitoring of Nuclear power plant Temelin environs by Regional centrum of SONS České Budějovice. Project of independent monitoring NPPTE in the case of Emergency incident.
ZEMAN, Karel
The State Office for Nuclear Safety (SONS) and the National Radiation Protection Institute (NRPI) are involved in independent monitoring of surrounding areas of nuclear power plants (NPPs), in accordance with the Czech legislative requirements (Decree No. 319/2002 Coll. on radiation monitoring network (RMS), as amended by Decree No. 27/2006 Coll.). The monitoring includes surveillance of environmental samples, in which radionuclides can be detected in case of emergency event, i.e. radioactivity release from the NPP. Another part of the monitoring is measurement of photon dose equivalent, continuously in the air (early detection network - SVZ) or using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) placed in SONS monitoring points in the NPP vicinity. Environmental sampling and evaluation of photon dose equivalent in the air is carried out in regular intervals. The 137Cs and 131I activity is measured by gamaspectrometry method used with Gamat evaluation program, according to SONS internal procedure (VDMI). Tritium activity in surface water is measured by liquid scintillation spectrometer Beta TriCarb made by Canberra Packard Company, according to methodology CSN ISO 9698 (757635). Evaluation of dose equivalent rate is carried out continuously by LB 6360 proportional probe and LB 6500-3 Geiger-Muller tube located in RC Building in Ceske Budejovice. TLD evaluation is carried out by NRPI laboratory in Prague and the results are sent to SONS RC Ceske Budejovice. Goal of this work is to provide a set of results of the independent monitoring in surrounding areas of Temelin NPP (ETE) carried out between 1999 and 2009, by determination of volume, mass or surface activity of environmental samples (137Cs and 131I) and spot samples of water (3H) taken from SONS monitoring points near ETE . The set of such results should provide a baseline reference values for normal (pre-accident) situations. Additionally, based on the long term of the ETE surrounding surveillance, it can be shown that the ETE operation represents no threat to the health of the critical population group, and that the radiation situation in the ETE surrounding is stable. It can be also shown that the ETE operator meets requirements and conditions of authorized limits for discharging radionuclides into the environment. Procedures and method of independent environmental monitoring in the ETE surrounding during emergency events can be proposed on the basis of many years of experience with proven methodologies, experience with sampling locations, staffing and organization of measurement.
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Organization and Activity of Decontaminating Workplace on the Evacuative Run from the Zone of the Critical Planning of Nuclear Power Station
SEVEROVÁ, Šárka
The increasing energy consumption constantly requires new energy sources. One of the energy sources are nuclear power plants. We can suppose that the number of nuclear power plants will increase as a consequence of the exhaustion of fossil fuels. Therefore it is crucial to enhance the nuclear power plants security which corresponds with the risks related to the nuclear power plant operation. It is compulsory for each nuclear power plant to have an external and internal emergency plans ready. In the nuclear power plant surroundings satefy measure including decontamination are planned. A suitable layout of the decontamination station is crucial for the quality decontamination. It is also necessary to check up the functionality of such stations. I took part in one of such rescue unit drills ( ZONA 2007) on 25 October as an observer. The participation in it made me more familiar with nuclear power plant safety issues and therefore it was very useful for my thesis. The current situation is very complicated because special units that have been in charge of the decontamination zones (MSO) until recently are being dismissed or transformed. In spite of this fact the objective of my thesis was to design the layout of the decontamination zone which will meet such an area requirements. I set this hypothesis: {\clqq}I am convinced that the current preparedness and parameters of the decontamination zone as a component of the rescue system are more advanced than they used to be before.`` This hypothesis was confirmed as far as the technological and material progress is concerned. I was also dealing with difficult questions such as ethics at the procedure of decontamination in men and women, conditions in winter etc. I think the hypothesis of my thesis has been confirmed and I have managed to make the reader acquainted with the questions I dealt with. I also wanted to express my attitude to the disestablishment of the rescue unit in Jindřichův Hradec which had provided the decontamination service so far. In my thesis I analyse the decontamination measures in the surroundings of the nuclear power station in detail. The thesis may be used as a tutorial text and it is possible to elaborate on it after 1.October 2008 trying to answer the question: {\clqq}Who is going to replace the 153th Jindřichův Hradec rescue unit?``
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The most considerable of radionuclides at the accident of the nuclear power station, the experience of Chernobyl
HORÁKOVÁ, Magdaléna
At the nuclear power plant accident, the radionuclides with very short half-life come to enviroment, they decay the period from several second to several months. On the other sides come to enviroment radionuclides with long half-life. Their radionuclides occur in surrounding of the power plant for hundreds of years before they decay totally. Immediately after a nuclear power plant accident, radioiodine represents the most severe health hazard for population. Because it is a radionuclide with short half-life, it causes the danger during first months after the accident. Its health hazard lies in the fact, that it gets to food chains and irradiates a man, who consumed contaminated water and food. Radiocaesium and radiostrontiom are the next important radionuclides. They have long half-lifes, it means that will decay after hundred years after the accident and they endanger population a long time after the accident yet.
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Comparison of the gaseous and liquid releases of the Czech and world nuclear power plants
DOBEŠ, Petr
In this work, which deals with problematics of releases from nuclear power plants, I tried to make an overview of various types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes which are released through liquid and gasseous effluents. As a part of this comparison evaluation of czech and world nuclear power plants gaseous and liquid releases was made. Introductory part of this work contains information about different types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes, which are produced in their reactors. It continues with today{\crq}s legislative and information about releasing levels and methods and systems used for measurement of radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents from nuclear power plants. Second part of this work describes the aim of this work and hypothesis. Third part explains the methods, which were used for completing of this work. Fourth part contains results in the form of tables and graphs. Fifth part represents discussion of the results. Last part is a summarization of the results.
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Estimation of Tritium Activity in the River Vltavawith Respect to the Liquid Wastes from the Nuclear Power Plant Temelin.
ŠKOPEK, Petr
The main goal of this Thesis was to measure tritium activity in the Vltava River and in the vicinity of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (hereinafter referred to as JETE) with the following objectives: Possibility to use the outlet of waste water damping unit (hereinafter referred to as VTOOV) as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE, furthermore, monitoring of possible correlations between volume activity of tritium measured in VTOOV and activity above the limit value of the first quality class in selected sections of the Vltava River as well as comparison of the measured values with the results of other authors, and, finally, assessment of the relevance of the water quality estimated by the volume activity of tritium to the water quality according to other ingredients, i.e., stable isotopes of some metals and risk elements as well as general physical and chemical indicators. Theoretical part of the Thesis deals with radioactivity in general, activity of tritium, with regard to operation of nuclear plants, over the world and, especially, in the Czech Republic. The actual work consisted of collection of samples at predetermined places, preparation of these samples for measurement and measurement of tritium activity using scintillation spectrometer with liquid scintillator. Furthermore, basic chemical and physical properties of water, concentration of selected elements and also some anions were determined. The collected data were used for classification of waters from individual collection places into quality classes according to ČSN 75 7221. In all analyzed cases no activities were found which exceeded the limit values of liquid outlets from Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, given by regulations issued on waters by the District Health Office in Ceske Budejovice according to §8 of Act No. 138/73 Coll., in compliance with SÚJB requirements. This Thesis could be beneficial for possible utilization of VTOOV as a control alerting system for nonstandard events in JETE and also for assessment of impact of wastewaters from JETE on waters of the Vltava River.
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Effectiveness evaluation of countermeasures adopted after the Chernobyl accident
ROTREKLOVÁ, Tereza
The utilisation of nuclear energy entails, like any other human activity, risk of occurrence of accidents and emergencies. On Saturday 26th April 1986 early morning in the fourth block of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine occurred the biggest industrial accident in the peace usage of nuclear energy. It led to a vast leakage of radioactive debris to the wide surrounding area. An accident of such extent has never been thought possible before and it has surprised national authorities responsible for emergency preparedness practically in all counties operating nuclear power plants. It was crucial to prepare and introduce many countermeasures to restrict exposure of persons and environment to radiation. The most affected countries have been today{\crq}s Byelorussia, Russia and Ukraine. Although international instructions and criteria for failure actions had existed even before the Chernobyl accident, the experience with their application was very limited. Needless to say, some short-term countermeasures had been neglected or insufficiently realised. Inhabitants were not informed about the accident in time and therefore they hid late. Also iodine prophylaxis did not start in time, which led to unnecessarily high irradiation of thyroid gland. The evacuation was, in view of decreasing external exposure, executed within possibilities efficiently. As for the long-term countermeasures related not only to the liquidation of the aftermath of the accident in the area of the nuclear power plant but especially the decontamination works in residential units and on contaminated soils, regulation of food chains and relocation of persons from the affected areas, preventive and health care of the inhabitants living in the contaminated territory - these measures were massive in scope and in principle mostly reasoned and effective. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of some of these measures was somewhat deteriorated by the fact they were introduced area-wide (only on the basis of the surface contamination and not on the estimation of exposure from whole-body measurements), were not fully substantiated and later had to by cancelled for economical reasons. Not only economical factors play an important role in the planning and application of the countermeasures (mainly long-term ones). Without question it is necessary to secure that the measures can be applied in the contaminated areas in view of their effectiveness in sufficient extent for time long enough and after a thorough evaluation of all pros and cons, expenses and gains. As well, it is needed to take into consideration the effect of social and psychological factors, where in practise a satisfactory progress has not been made yet. Many studies proved that the introduction of countermeasures affects the increase of psychosocial tension among the involved people. This negative attitude results from the public{\crq}s lack of information about radiation and about the possibilities of its reduction and consequent fear and anxiety due to the uncertainty regarding future. Because of the concealment of information about the Chernobyl accident, also distrust of citizens against authorities has remained to be a problem. However, the approach of public is very important in regard to the effectiveness of countermeasures. In order that the measures would be accepted as well as possible, it is needed to secure corresponding education programs and to engage public into discussions and decision-making within the introduced measures.
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