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Respect for patient autonomy and intimacy as basic components of human dignity.
PETROVICOVÁ, Eva
Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, the attention is focused mainly on the physical aspect of a person and human dignity is less emphasized. The medical professionals should treat the patients with respect, dignity and understanding. This work points at the issues of maintaining patient autonomy and intimacy as the basic components of the preservation of human dignity. For the purposes of the thesis, the aim was to find to what extent the nurses find it possible to preserve patient autonomy, intimacy and the promotion of human dignity in the hospital environment. The thesis was handled by the qualitative research method with the use of interviews with the nurses and the patients of Department of Surgery and Department of Aftercare. The research file consisted of 10 general nurses, included 5 nurses from the Department of Surgery and 5 nurses from the Department of Aftercare. The research also addressed 10 patients from the Department of Surgery and 10 patients from the Department of Aftercare. Data collection was based on interview with prepared questions. The interviews which allowed the research to collect valuable information were recorded in two ways; either with the help of a voice recorder, or by a written record. Then the data processing itself occurred which consisted of a literal transcript of the information. The important data were emphasized and highlighted using the method called "a pencil and paper." By means of marking of individual words we used the method of "encoding" where the information has been grouped and which subsequently resulted in concepts as autonomy, intimacy and human dignity. The accomplished research brought different views of the nurses on the possibility of preserving the autonomy of the patients. The Department of Surgery offers more autonomy of the patients than those from the Department of Aftercare where patient autonomy is not sustained. The majority of patients (the Department of Surgery, the Department of Aftercare) is at least aware of the possibility to decide on their own, even under the circumstances where all the initiative is, as a result, conveyed by the doctors. Another concept that expressed our interest was the dignified care. Nurses show respect to patients through a humane approach, including information, interest, a quiet environment and a smile. This behaviour was also confirmed by the patients who mentioned only positive experience with the conservation and the promoting of their dignity. Many patients reported that this care is provided at the place where they are hospitalized. Unfortunately, according to the nurses, in some cases the lack of possibility to support patient dignity is caused by insufficient number of the staff, insufficient time and inappropriate facilities. The nurses are trying to maintain a professional approach which is based on decent behaviour focused on respect for human dignity. As the last concept, we present intimacy and privacy. The nurses evaluate the preservation of intimacy as possible and at the same time as an important aspect of the dignified care. Most often intimacy is maintained by means of roller blinds, doors and shutters. However, it is the number of people in the room that both the nurses and the patients see as a chief problem. The patients continue to highlight the efforts and the emphasis that the nurses put to maintain intimacy and privacy. According to the accomplished researched, it was found that the current nursing care may fulfil the rights for human dignity at an average level. The results of the current and potential further research could be available to the management of the hospital care to provide the employers with the information as a means for the identification and elimination of the identified barriers. This would increase the level of quality provided by nursing care and awareness of the fact that a person with all his/her needs remains the focus of our attention.
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Vaccination refusing and its ethical coherence
BISCHOFOVÁ, Jana
This thesis is named: Vaccination refusing and its ethical coherence. The work consists of several parts. The first part is formed by theoretical possibilities. In this part we focus on the question of ethics. The basic question of this issue is a matter of imaginary dispute which also the ethics describes in its basic principles and which is the principle of nonmaleficence (not to inflict harm intentionally) and principle of beneficence (act for the benefit of others); and also the principle of autonomy and justice. This part further contains overview of compulsory and voluntary vaccination, a short description of each disease, side effects, division of the vaccines, principles of correct immunization and storage of vaccines, and an overview of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination given by the literature. The second chapter is the methodology. We set as a target of our work to identity and analyze ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination and to find out and describe the main reasons of the parents for refusing vaccination of their children. To reach these targets we interviewed twelve mothers and five pediatricians. The third chapter comprises of case studies, which shortly introduce the families, where the parents refuse vaccination for their children and briefly explain the problem in accepting children without vaccination by the pediatricians and society. There are twelve of these case studies. The fourth chapter includes results of the research, which were divided into three parts. The first part consists of reasons why the parents refuse vaccination for their children. There we analyzed five the most given reasons (side effects, different approach to life, composition of the vaccines, no occurrence of the diseases + small risk of infection, low age for vaccination). The second part is created by ethical problems connected with refusing vaccination from the perspective of the parents. During the interview we analyzed seven problems (truthfulness of the information, preventing from collective incorporation, denial of free choice, authority of the state, collective immunity, vaccination as a business, testing of vaccinations). In the third part there are the results of interviews with the doctors. After that follows the discussion. In the discussion there is a confrontation of the perspective of the parents, doctors, other specialists, and my own of the given problematic. In the conclusion I present an overview of the issue and proposals to think about and to the possible solutions.
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Trentino - Alto Adige its historical development and contemporary place within Italy
BEZPALCOVÁ, Petra
The object of the work is a very specific region on the north of Italy. This document deals about historical development and the place of Trentino-Alto Adige in the present Italy, which divides into four chapters. The first chapter introduces Trentino from the general part. The second chapter dedicates to history from the agest period. After introduction and explanation of the general historical information, the third chapter describes a process of autonomy, as a long-lasting problem of this territory. The fourth chapter demonstrates contemporary Trentino-Alto Adige together with it's specifics and achieved the rate of autonomy.
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Euthanasia as a conflict of ethical and legal principles
KRŠÍKOVÁ, Hana
The diploma thesis deals with the problem of euthanasia, especially with its legal and ethical aspects. The legal aspects are discussed with respect to human rights, to the legislative system of the European countries that legalized euthanasia, and to the potential dangers connected with the legalization of mercy killing. The chapters considering ethical aspects draw on essential ethical values and their application in the connection with euthanasia. A particular ethical theory, utilitarianism, is briefly described, and attention i also given to the current development of the social consciousness from the moral concern to the emphasis on efficiency. The discussion of both legal and ethical aspects involves the opinions of the supporters as well as the opponents of euthanasia. In the conclusion the thesis refers to the possible conflict between the ethical and legal norms, which can be initiated by the legalization of euthanasia.
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Autonomy of woman in pregnancy and during labor.
NOVOTNÁ, Alena
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS The bachelor thesis deals with the woman's autonomy during pregnancy and childbirth. The theoretical part summarizes aspects related to the pregnant woman's choice. On the one hand the choice is supported by a wide range of professional documents and on the other hand, the individual woman's choice and needs determine to decide on what is happening during pregnancy and childbirth. It is important to mention the documents in which the autonomy of women is firmly established, for example the Convention on Biomedicine and internationally recognized code of ethics for midwives or initiative called Ten Steps to optimal maternity care. In practice, autonomy is realized through the nursing process. The thesis deals with real woman's options of choice during pregnancy and birth process at each stage. Working in a chronological sequence describes the process of pregnancy and childbirth including situations that directly require or encourage pregnant women to decision-making. The theoretical part also portrays the birth process according to available resources and under the usual conditions prevailing in the Czech obstetrics including individual choice resulting from them for a pregnant woman. The practical part of the thesis presents the results of research through specific wishes and choices of pregnant women. These outcomes regard pregnancy and childbirth including factors that have an impact on a pregnant woman in matters of pregnancy and birth process. AIMS OF THE STUDY The survey aims to explain which decisions regarding pregnancy and childbirth are considered to be important for a pregnant woman. The second part of the research is to explore what factors influence the decision of a pregnant woman factors in matters of pregnancy and childbirth. THE METHODS USED To find the information needed qualitative research was used the depth interviews. The data were collected with women after spontaneous delivery at the Department of confinement. The data was analyzed in depth by the "paper and pencil" and then divided into four categories. All results of the research have been confronted with available theoretical knowledge in discussion. RESULTS The research showed that the interviewed women do not have much need to participate in decision making on issues related to pregnancy or childbirth. According to statements respondents applied most often when deciding on the choice of hospital, presence of a loved one, and in the case of non-pharmacological methods of pain control. In situations where expert knowledge was conditional the interviewed women left the autonomy in the hands of personnel. As the second part of the research turned out, two factors influence the decision making process during childbirth. The main determinants of the autonomy of pregnant women is awareness and current psychological state. It was found that awareness and current psychological state are the main determinants of the pregnant woman's autonomy in matters relating to pregnancy and childbirth. Internet and experience (own or indirect) were identified as the most frequently mentioned source of information for pregnant women. CONCLUSION Research investigation was able to roughly identify the wishes of women during pregnancy and childbirth. The autonomy support of pregnant women requires a higher level of awareness of women and individual approach. The knowledge gained can be presented at a seminar for midwives. Results of the investigation would be appropriate to supply with a quantitative method that would complement the problems of the statistical value.
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Coaching as social work tool and its ethical aspects in relationship to individuals
VÁGAIOVÁ, Kateřina
The thesis deals with coaching as social work tool and with its ethical aspects in relationship to individual. It is divided into three parts. In the first part, I define the coaching itself, as well as its solution and its types. I also distinguish the coaching from different types of social work, such as counselling and therapy; then I set the coaching into social work helping scope. The second part is focused on the relationship between the client and the helping worker while using coaching. Here I present the relationship paradigms, the helping worker aspect (with emphasis on competence and personal disposition) and the client aspect (with focus on his conception and his inner world). This part deals with the topic of help and control as well. In the third part I look into ethical aspects that are crucial in the client's and worker's relationship, aspects that follow from the definition of this relationship from the second part of the thesis, such as freedom, dignity, respect, autonomy, self-determination, worker's personality, preferences, responsibility, conscience and power.
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Substitute family care-ethhical view of life choice
ŠABACKÁ, Lenka
This thesis deals with the theme of substitute family care, which is currently topical. The aim of my thesis is to look and bring into the problems of substitute family care in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part is focused on the forms of substitute family care and their characteristics. There is described a mediation of adoption and foster care, where inherently belongs a motivation of applicants. An integral part of substitute family care is also the issue of adoption child from different ethnicity and influence of biological family on upbringing by his substitute parents. There are also explained ethical principles which play an important role in solution of ethical problems and dilemmas in substitute family care.
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Specific Aspects of the Basque Economy
Póčová, Martina ; Jiránková, Martina (advisor) ; Sejkora, Jiří (referee)
The thesis focuses on specific economic aspects of the Basque Country, one of the 17 autonomous regions of Spain. Macroeconomic data characterizing the Basque Country are mentioned at the beginning. They form the basis for the evaluation of the Basque position within Spanish economy and comparison with other regions. The main objective is to find the reasons why the Basque Country became one of the most economically successful regions. The conclusion outlines the historical context of Basque separatism and possible solutions of future political situation.
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Abortion for underage people - ethical context
FILIPOVÁ, Petra
FILIPOVÁ, P. Abortion for underage people ? ethical context. České Budějovice, 2013. A diploma thesis written under Faculty of Health and Social Studies, the thesis advisor Mgr. et Mgr. Ondřej Doskočil, Th.D. The diploma thesis tries to describe the issue of abortion for underage applicants and related context. This sensitive issue is regulated by the Law no 66/1986, of abortion. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The first part deals with contemporary condition of abortion for underage people in general context. The following topics are analysed in the next step: historical context of abortion in the Czech Republic, relation of abortion and medicine, justificatory reasons of abortion and ethical context of this sensitive issue. Methods of abortion are described in the following section. One of the most crucial chapters is the consent and the steps which are taken in connection with underage patients. In the research part of the thesis, the strategy of qualitative research was used, which was performed by the method of interrogation. The semistructured interview was chosen as a technique for the interrogation. The research file consisted of 5 male and 3 female doctors from gynaecological surgeries and from the women department of hospitals from different parts of the Czech Republic. The aim of the diploma thesis was to describe the recent situation of providing consent about performing abortion of underage applicants for this medical intervention; to find out and describe how male and female doctors of gynaecological surgeries and women departments of hospitals deals with the whole abortion of underage people issue as professionals but also personally. The last of the generated aims was to point out ethical context connected with the issue on the basis of new-found information. In order to reach the aims mentioned above, we used a set of questions which were focused on the abortion for underage applicants procedure and on the issue of the consent about performing this medical intervention. In the discussion chapter, the answers from the interviews are summarized and those answers are compared with available literature and they are supported with arguments. In the end, thesis which can serve as hypothesis for possible quantitative research were defined. From the research, it came out that questioned male and female doctors prefer legal aspect of medical care when deciding at the expense of ethical aspects and they also notice a conflict between legal adjustment of abortion for underage people and legal adjustment of other medical interventions connected with this age group. It also came out that laws should origin from the deep conviction of the whole society because nobody cannot be sure how he or she would act in this situation. Interviewees emphasise that an underage girl should learn how to act with responsibility. If she feels mature enough for sexual life, she should also bear all the consequences of her decision. The thesis also refers to the question of the genesis of life as modern biology proves uniqueness of an individual from the moment of conception. Outcomes of the research could be used for description of the whole situation connected with abortion for underage people, for discovering this issue and extension of laymen and professional community awareness. The research could be also useful for helping professions.
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