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Heavy metals contamination of selected Brno city localities
Debnárová, Andrea ; Adamec, Vladimír (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis is focused on the degree of soil contamination with heavy metals in urban area of Brno. Samples were collected in three periods from October 2009 to March 2010, to represent different seasons and their impact on the concentration of heavy metals in examined soil. Ten locations was chosen, each with different level of concentration, starting with busy traffic area where the concentration of means was high continuing to areas located around habitation or parks. As result four elements were determined in every sample: Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb. Presence of copper and lead were detected by flame atomic absortion spectroscopy (F-AAS) and, cadmium by the help of electrothermal atomic absortion spectroscopy (ET-AAS). For the determination of mercury was used advanced mercury analyzer (AMA).
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Heavy metal contamination of selected Brno city localities
Šebková, Michaela ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
The aim of this work is to study the soil and plant contamination by heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in five selected places of Brno city. The sampling place Opuštěná represents the heavily polluted locality with high traffic density situated in the city centre. Sampling places Vídeňská and Podstránská belong to medium polluted localities, that are situated close to frequented roads. Relatively clean localities are represented by Musorgského and Šrámkova places, which are situated in peripheral city district with smaller traffic density. Soil and plants were sampled at two time periods (November 2008 and January 2009). Average amounts of mercury, cadmium and lead in collected soil samples are lower then limits of the Directive number 13/1994 of the Code of Ministry of the Environment. The content of heavy metals in soils corresponds to the sampling place. The highest value of metals content was found in the soil sampled at Opuštěná site. The content of lead and mercury in leaves of common dandelion was higher than the content in roots. In the case of cadmium the situation was opposite, the highest content was measured in underground part of the plant. It was found, that the content of heavy metals in leafy and underground part showed only small difference between sampling places. Nevertheless, the locality Opuštěná is found again as the highest contaminated place. Values of pH of collected soil samples were ranged in neutral area between 7 and 7,5.
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Sorption of metal ions mixture on natural lignite
Doskočil, Leoš ; Taraba, Boleslav (referee) ; Pekař, Miloslav (advisor)
Sorption of quaternary metal ions (Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) was carried out on lignite from the South Moravia. Following experiments were tested: kinetic sorption, dependence of sorption on pH, initial concentration, temperature, effect of electrolytes (KNO3 and NaCl) and desorption in deionized water. Sorption studies was carried out in quaternary mixtures and in the case of inicial concentration effect additional in a single-component solution. The batch sorption experiments was used. Sorption time was 24 hour, although concentration of ions was a near equilibrium after two hour. As the optimal pH was determined pH 5. The order of affinity by lignite was obtained Pb >> Cd > Zn > Cu for the sorption of metals in the single-component solution and the order was Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd for the sorption of mixture of metals. The maximum adsorptium capacities from single solutions were for Pb 97,82 mg/g, Cd 60,34 mg/g, Zn 49,88 mg/g and Cu 30,28 mg/g and in the case of ones from mixture solutions were for Pb 39,03 mg/g, Cu 25,94 mg/g, Zn 15,21 mg/g and Cd 5,18 mg/g. Experimental data have been analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich model. Thermodynamic values H°, S° and G° were calculated. Desorption test showed that desorption efficiency is 0–3 %. NaCl had the greatest influence on sorption from electrolytes. On the basis obtained results we can say that metals are binding to lignite in particular due to chemical interactions. Lignite is s suitable as a sorption material for metal ions especially in the field of low concentrations.
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Contamination of soil and sediment by hazardous metals
Pidima, Tomáš ; Komendová, Renata (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with soil and sediments from the environmental perspective. For selected heavy metals – cadmium, lead and mercury are given information about their occurrence, characteristics and potential sources of environmental contamination. It is also mentioned legislation dealing with the topic. The limit concentrations in soil and sediments, determination methodology and principles of the most commonly used instrumental analytical methods for these elements are described.
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Environmental Aspects of Pyrotechnic Mixtures.
Mešková, Michala ; Bednařík, Karel (referee) ; Friedl, Zdeněk (advisor)
The submitted bachelor thesis deals with the study of pyrotechnic compositions and their influence on the health and environment. It explains the nature and ingredients used in pyrotechnic compositions. During burning these compositions release different compounds, toxic or non-toxic into the atmosphere in large quantities. In this work the issue of toxicity of selected alkali, alkaline earth metals and the other harmful metals was explored. The pyrotechnic compositions containing Ba, As, Pb and Cd were investigated in more detail. When burning the pyrotechnic compositions release noxious substances into the air first. Then these substances reach due to wet or dry transport mechanism the other components of the environment and mix with them. These compounds have diverse negative effects both on humans and the environment and other animals.
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Modification of laboratory waste water containing lead
Mončeková, Miroslava ; Kábelová, Božena (referee) ; Pilátová, Ivana (advisor)
The Bachelor Thesis deals with the treatment of laboratory waste water containing lead. The thesis examines the lead and its compounds in waste water from an inorganic laboratory and tries to find a suitable way of stating the lead concentration and its follow-up reduction. The advantages and disadvantages of various substances used in precipitation of lead in waste water are considered. In conclusion the thesis emphasizes the economic effectiveness of the treatment of liquid waste into a solid waste.
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Selected inorganic pollutants in foodstuffs
Kroupová, Kateřina ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Vitoulová, Eva (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focus on occurrence of inorganic pollutants in foodstuffs. The introduction is dedicated to apperance of individual selected elements in foodstuffs. Concentration of these elements is very important factor for examination of toxic effects for the human organism. If we want to avoid the harmful effects to the human organism, we have to define border limits. Work is based on the legislative of Czech republic. Second part of this study is focused on the biological monitoring. The biological monitoring is important for precautionary measures. In the third part of this study are described toxical effects of these elements to the human organism. Before qualitative and quantitative analysis by instrumental techniques is important to properly take the sample. In the fourth and fifth part of this work are mentioned methods used for determination of these elements and metods of taking samples. This bachelor thesis provide complex view on the problems of pollutants in foodstuffs and it should be used as a base for following diploma thesis.
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Transport of selected metals from the soil to the plants
Šilerová, Iva ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the soil, contamination of selected heavy metals and transport of heavy metals from soil to plants. The entry of heavy metals, their reactions in the soil and their transport into the plant material are described here. Lead, cadmium and copper have been selected as the studied toxic metals. There are also described methods of soil sampling, sample preparation for analysis and determination of heavy metals in the sample.
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Cycling of selected metals in the environment.
Šebková, Michaela ; Diviš, Pavel (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with a group of selected metals (nickel, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead) in environmental components. It occupies with natural and anthropogenic inputs of metals to the atmosphere, the water und the soil and with their transport among them components. It engages too in a question of a penetration of metals to the biosphere and in their ensuant transport within the biosphere. At each metal is description of its natural sources, chemical and physical properties, inputs in environment, transport within the biosphere and positive and negative effects on living organism is described for each studied metal. The last chapter of this thesis deals with determination of selected metals in environmental components. It discribes procedures of determination from planning over sampling and processing of sample to the final determination of metals by instrumental methods.
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