|
|
Radiological diagnosis of renal colic
ONDRUŠKOVÁ, Lenka
The thesis focuses on performance frequency of particual radiodiagnostic imaging methods which are indicated to patients with diagnosis of undefined renal colic Another aim is comparison of individual imaging methods based on radiation pressure together with highlighting of advantages and disadvantages of every individual examination. The thesis is introduced with a brief anatomical and physiological summary of urinary system. The next paragraph deals with the issue of urolithiasis, classification of urinary stones and factors contributing to formation of urolithiasis. Undoubtedly, one of the most important passages in the theoretical part of the thesis is a detailed description of individual imaging methods used in urology. Every medical examination includes procedure, preparation of a patient, indication, contraindication, benefits and drawbacks typical for implementation of imaging methods. The last part of the theoretical section covers a comparison of particular medical srceenings according to the negative radiation effects on the patient and according to the financial point of view. The second part of the thesis focuses on hypothesis and description of the research methodology. The aim of the thesis is seen in a comparison as well as in a research of frequency of individual imaging methods used in renal illnesses causing renal colic. The research was focused on this aim and all useful data in connection with description of methodology were applied. Another goal of the research was verification of hypothesis which is based on the belief that methods without using contrastive substances are more frequently applied. Methodology used in the bachelor thesis describes collecting of data, processing and comparison of patients´ files who underwent treatment of renal colic in the urology ward in the hospital in Havlíčkův Brod. The research was mainly oriented on imaging methods using contrasting substances as well as non-contrasting methods. Amongst these imaging screenings belong ultrasonography, plain radiograph of kidneys, intravenous excretory urography, computed tomography with low-dose technique and CT with application of contrastive substance. The data was collected from the hospital information system service known as NIS in Havlíčkův Brod. The first data collection method was aimed at group of patients with renal colic diagnosis who have experienced radiodiagnostic examination methods in the hostital in Havlíčkův Brod in 2012. The group consisted of one hundred patients. In the first place, frequency of occurrence of urolithiasis and its frequency of particular examination of both sexes was examined. It was followed by the research of the frequency imaging methods for the entire year 2012. The final research was focused on the number of condactive examinations using contrastive substance. In the end, it was compared to the number of realized screenings without contrasing substance. The second data collection included the number of conducted screenings in last fifteen years. Out of this data frequency of examinations in the years 1999 and 2013 were compared and represented. For the clear arrangement, the data was reported and graphically presented for the individual years in the period from 1.1.1999 till 31.12.2013. The results of the first and the second collection data method were compared and assessed. As a result it can be assumed that hypothesis has been confirmed. In comparison of frequency of the conducted contrasing examinations in 2012, imaging methods without application of the contrastive substance were in percentage majority. The same outcome was also shown after researching the data from last fifteen years. Nephrogram radiology was the most frequently conducted type of examination meanwhile the least frequently used was CT examination with the application of contrasting substance.
|
|
|
Small and adult patients' uropoetic system examination from radiological assistant's point of view
TRAPLOVÁ, Lenka
This paper deals with issues related to examinations of the uropoetic system. First, I briefly describe the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, and then I characterize all the particular imaging methods. Patients with identical diagnoses should undergo identical examinations in an identical and, if possible, optimal sequence. I decided to make a comparison of available national and international guidelines with examination algorithms applied in the Czech Republic. For this purpose, I collected data of 115 patients who underwent radiological examinations in the hospital of České Budějovice, a.s. I abstracted the applied algorithm of the indicated examinations for the diagnoses represented in the sample of patients and, after the comparison, I assessed the deviation from the guidelines. I suggested procedures which seemed to be the most suitable ones when comparing Czech and international guidelines and available studies. I realised that the hospital in České Budějovice meticulously follows the standards defined by professional associations, therefore, upon assessment of all aspects, it can be concluded that examination methods using ionizing radiation can only be replaced by other methods which do not use it in a very small percentage of cases.
|
|
|
Special access of the radiology assistant to interventional procedures in diagnostics of oncological patients
CANDROVÁ, Daniela
In my work I deal with the peculiarities in approach of a radiology assistant to interventions in diagnostics of oncological patients. Biopsy has a special importance in diagnostics of neoplasm. It is essential for histological and cytological diagnostics. The aim of this work was to find out the incidence of bioptic interventions on oncological patients during one year at radiology department at České Budějovice hospital plc, and to compare the advantages and disadvantages of used modalities. The work proceeds from the presumption that the number of interventions carried out under the sight control without the use of ionizing radiation methods is growing. In the theoretical part of my work appear descriptions of bioptic methods of intervention radiology regarding oncology and its methods, biopsies, screening methods used at biopsy (ultrasound controlled biopsy, computer tomography controlled biopsy, magnetic resonance controlled biopsy, skiascopic controlled biopsy), instrumentarium, especially the needles used for tissue extraction (puncture and bioptic needles), characteristics of oncological patients, the principle of tumour disease, carcinogenesis, oncologically changed tissue, and basic diagnostics of oncology disease. The practical part reveals the number of biopsies performed in 2012 at České Budějovice hospital plc, under computer tomography, ultrasound and mammography machine control, and the number of other interventions on oncological patients, namely localization of impalpable breast lesion, percutaneous drainage of the urinary tract under skiascopic control. Standard methods regarding these interventions and biopsies are described focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of their use for different organs in the body. I also described radiology assistant?s work and created photo documentation of given interventions. In 2012, 96 biopsies were performed under any of the mentioned diagnostic screening methods at radiology department of České Budějovice hospital. They represent 0,06% of the total of 171 466 diagnostic interventions at this department in the respective year. At the same time they represent 3,4% of the total of 2844 interventions of the ČB radiodiagnostic department of that period. From the whole number of 96 biopsies, 79% were performed on oncological patients. No biopsies were performed under magnetic resonance or skiascopic- skiagraphic control. Since the formation of a tumour is supposed to be the main somatic risk which an individual after a low intensity radiation faces, I supposed that the number of bioptic samples taken under sight control without the use of non ionizing radiation is rising, which significantly contributes to radiation protection. It is not univocally assigned which screening method is the best for biopsy. Usually we chose the biopsy that can screen best the site in different organs and that allows the safest, the fastest and the economically most convenient procedure. The chosen method should allow the doctor chose the site for sample extraction. The choice also depends on the habits and the technical equipment of given hospital. In view of the fact that according to this work computer tomography is the most commonly used method for bioptic extractions, and under magnetic resonance control no biopsies are performed, the prestige and importance of a radiology assistant grows up, because their presence at modalities using ionizing radiation is commonly indispensable. The hypothesis of my work has not been proved. Concrete results do not support the operative hypothesis of y work. However, I can recommend concessive long-term type and multicentrically elaborated sample studies. I would be grateful if this work provided an information base for radiology assistants´ training and for interventions in the diagnostics of oncologically ill people.
|
|
|
CT angiography vs. ultrasound imaging of the bloodstream - efectivity, limitation and impact on patients' health.
ADAMEC, Jaroslav
The subject of the BA thesis is "CT angiography vs. ultrasound imaging of the bloodstream - efectivity, limitation and impact on patients' health". Examination of blood vessels by computed tomography - CT angiography, using modern equipment and technological development, takes over the diagnostics of vascular diseases from digital subtraction angiography primarily due to the speed of the examination and the lesser invasiveness with regard to the patient. The second method treated in this thesis is ultrasonography. Which of these imaging methods yields better diagnostic information on blood vessel pathologies? Which entails fewer risks to the patient and which is more limited? I have tried to find the answers to these questions in this BA thesis. In this thesis I set out to find which of the two imaging modalities is more suitable for examining vascular diseases. A further aim of the thesis is to introduce and compare various examination methods of computed tomography and ultrasonography. The hypothesis of the BA thesis states: "Ultrasonography is a more suitable method for the examination of the blood vessel tree - it is a method which provides good diagnostic information and at the same time entails a lower risk to the patient than does computed tomography". The introductory part of the thesis is devoted to the anatomy of the blood vessel tree. It describes main blood vessels, veins, their construction and branches. This part also introduces the technological equipment which is used for the examination of the blood vessel tree - computed tomography machine, ultrasonography machine - and their historical development. The basic physical principles of these devices, their methods of imaging and general methods of the examination of the blood vessel tree are also described in this chapter. In the case of computed tomography it is CT angiography, and in ultrasonography it is Doppler examination. The chapter also briefly deals with the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and with the contrast media which are applied in connection with the examination of the vascular system. I have studied all available specialized literature and web sites related to the subject for the purpose of writing this BA thesis. Data from the Institute of Health Information and Statistics were used for the analysis of the technological equipment. Data from the information network of the R+S Benešov a.s. hospital were used for the analysis of the number of blood vessel examinations carried out by ultrasonography and computed tomography. Examination methods of the vascular system performed by computed tomography and ultrasonography have been summarized in the result. Furthermore, both modalities are compared in this chapter with regard to their utilization rate, limitations and risks. The chapter also includes an analysis of the data on the computed tomography and ultrasonography technology in the Czech Republic and on the number of blood vessel examinations carried out by computed tomography and ultrasonography. In the chapter "Discussion" I present my own opinion on the given matter. It also includes a reflection on the issue of indicating examinations on computed tomography. In the conclusion of the thesis, examination methods of the vascular system by computed tomography and ultrasonography are assessed, and established findings on the studied matter are summed up. After studying all available specialized literature I have found that it is impossible to determine which of the two imaging methods is more suitable for the examination of the blood vessel tree because each of them has its specific advantages and disadvantages. The two modalities are thus not opposed to each other in the decision making which method should be indicated; on the contrary, the two methods should be used in close collaboration. The hypothesis of the thesis therefore has not been proved.
|
|
|
Imaging Methods in Antropology
KOBLASOVÁ, Věra
Abstract Imaging Methods in Anthropology. Anthropology, a science born in the 16th century, deals with humans. One of its branches is physical anthropology which includes forensic anthropology and osteology. The imaging methods in anthropology are indispensable tool for identification of the dead and for examination of mummies or other prehistoric bone material. Comparing of pre-death and after-death x-ray snapshots is essential for identification of human remains in forensic anthropology and odontology. The latest trend is 3D face reconstruction with the help of computed tomography. The aim of the thesis is: 1. To analyse all the methods available in the field of anthropology of the present time which use the radiology imaging methods. 2. To compare using of the computed tomography in the Czech Republic and other European countries. The data were obtained through questionnaires sent to anthropology institutes and museums dealing with photographing historical bone material and through searching and processing information focused on the topic of the theses. The results show that the imaging methods in anthropology are under-used. The anthropologists are fully aware of all available imaging methods but the methods are not used often enough because of financial and time consuming reasons. On the contrary to under-using the imaging methods in the Czech Republic the other European countries use the methods a lot more often. A hypothesis was established at the beginning of the research: ?All the available modern radiology imaging methods are not used enough in the Czech Republic. The hypothesis was confirmed. I would like to present the results of the theses at the specialist?s seminars of radiology assistants and to point out the possible further use of radiology imaging methods.
|
|
|
Observation of non invasive and invasive screening cerebral vessels from the radiologic assistants view.
NOVOTNÁ, Dana
The subject my thesis was ? Observation of non invasive and invasive screening cerebral vessels from the radiologic assistants view". In the theoretical parts I explore the disorder of blood - vessel in cerebral occurrence (CMP) and its diagnosis. It is about the acute illness caused by closure of some of the cerebral arteries and resulting in vapidity brain (ischemic) or bleeding to the brain (haemorrhage). It ranks among the most frequent causes death in developed countries. The practical part includes research of usage non invasive and invasive depict methods in brain and cerebral vessels diagnostics. I processed quantitatively the statistical data which I gained from the Radio-diagnostic Ward in hospital in Ceske Budejovice. The result of this emerges from superiority of non-invasive screening above invasive one. In the non- invasive depict methods in diagnosis of CMP most often uses computation tomography (68 %), which for a certainty will distinguish ischemic from haemorrhage. Magnetic resonance (7 %) is more sensitive method at ischemic diagnostics. Another method is the ultra-sonography (13 %), in which we can assess the level of stenos/occlusion screened vessel. As the only vice invasive methods is catetrizac angiography (12 %), which is considered as the golden standard in displaying the blood - vessel bed. Its advantage is the possibility to join endovascular intervention. The next aim was to compare the role of radiologic assistant during single screening. It was necessary to find common point in practical activities of the radiologic assistant at both types o screening and to show the differences in specific substance and the work demands.
|
|
|
Early Defect Detection of Acetabular Implants
Kytýř, Daniel ; Jiroušek, Ondřej ; Zlámal, Petr ; Doktor, Tomáš ; Jandejsek, I.
The paper is focused on possibilities of modern X-ray detectors and micro-focus X-ray source for investigation of early degradation processes of acetabular implants. To simulate the most adverse activity (downstairs walking) a hip joint simulator was developed. The experimental setup was designed for cyclic loading of polyethylene acetabular cup implanted into the human pelvic bone and fixed by commercial polymethyl methacrylate bone cement. To predict the bone degradation numerical analysis of detailed three-dimensional model of the acetabular cup and the cement mantle implanted in a bone block was performed. Using large area flat panel detector and microfocus X-ray source it is possible to investigate micro-damage propagation and detect early defect in the bone-implant interface.
|
|
|
Computer processing of tomography data
KONEČNÝ, Jan
Computer processing of tomography data Tomographs are one of the most important diagnostic devices, which are used in every hospital nowadays; they have already been so for a considerable period of time. The different types of tomographs and the processing of tomographic data and imaging of these data are the subject of this thesis. I have described the four most common types of tomography: X-ray Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Positron Emission Tomography and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography. This thesis has described the basic principles of these devices, their technical parameters, their use and also different data formats, which are used for tomographic data. The practical part of my thesis is involved with software for viewing and processing of tomographic data. It specifically concerns freely available viewers such as MRIcro, ezDICOM, Amide, ImageJ and Gpetview. Their main functions and their pros and cons have also been described therein. The last part of my thesis has been devoted to SPM software that is used for an advanced processing of 3D tomographic data from PET, VBM and MRI as well as EEG and MEG imaging techniques. I have described these features and also those individual steps that are taken during the processing of particular sample data that has been taken from examinations on functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This thesis is addressed to all, those who want to learn more about tomographic data processing and mainly it should serve as an overview of free software for processing and viewing of these data.
|
|
|
Investigative CT algorithms for the early diagnosis of ischemic brain lesions
VOHNOUTOVÁ, Markéta
Stroke is the second most often cause of death in the Czech Republic after heart attack. It is not to say that older people are afflicted in particular. In the last period of ten years there are more often cases of stroke and ictus for people at the age of 40. The aim of this bachelor work is processing of knowledge acquisition in summary. The main point of this work is to evaluate the asset of new software programmes of multidetector computed tomography during early diagnostic of sudden strokes. In part of Present state there are following terms described in detail. It is etiology, aethiopathogenesis, risk factors of stroke. The next part is centred on anatomy of brain vascular supply and computed tomography Nowadays, software programmes have been improved enough for early diagnostics of ischaemic brain lesion. It is caused with continual improvement of diagnostic imaging and its digitalization. In many medical fields it has been spoken about new field of imaging - digital radiography. The computed tomography represents star part in the diagnostics, scanning of non-enhanced brain is the first period of the diagnostics, this algorithm shows us if it concerns haemorrhage or non-haemorrhage centre, continuing perfusion of brain which represents chat percent of tissue is damaged forever and it is finished with diagnostic process Angiography. The following part is focused on processing of data acquisition from České Budějovice Hospital, Inc. and Masaryk Municipal Hospital in Jilemnice. In these hospitals there are the numbers of patients examined CT compared. My hypotesis is confirmed and I can say that usage of new software programmes for early diagnostic of sudden strokes reduces per cent of complications during their cure.
|
|
|
Radiological Imaging of the Head
STEJSKALOVÁ, Pavla
The aim of the work is to inform students about comparison of special skull imaging methods and about computer tomography. According to the hypothesis the work was aimed at the petrous bone and its imaging. The survey was concentrated on the period from 2005 to 2008, whether the conventional special projections are being replaced in time and thanks to development of CT devices. The bachelor work also involves comparison of radiological standards individual hospitals adhere to.
|
guest ::
