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Malaria as a major Public Health problem in Zambia
MUBIANA, Nawa
Malaria is known to be endemic throughout Zambia and continues to be a major public health problem. Eighty three percent (83 %) of Zambian population is reported to be living in malaria high risk areas and the remaining 17 percent is reported living in malaria low risk areas. Zambia has a 16 percent malaria national prevalence. Malaria peak transmission periods are usually during the rainy season ? from November to April and the main transmitting vectors are anopheles species; funestus, gambiae and arabiensis. Plasmodium falciparum is the main transmitting parasite accounting for about 98 percent of all malaria infections in the country. Other species of plasmodium that can be found in Zambia are ovale and malariae. The main intervention measures used in the prevention and control of malaria in Zambia are; Indoor Residual spray (IRS), mass distribution of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and Intermittent Prevention Treatment (IPT). The main aim of this thesis is to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of the the current intervention measures used to prevent and control malaria in Zambia. I approached this issue from time the ?roll back malaria ? project was intiated in 1998 up to 2011. With help of the changes introduced to the health sector under the sector wide approach reforms in 1995, the public health approach in the fight against malaria was even much widened. The second aim of my thesis is to offer acceptable alternative interventions that can used in the prevention and control of malaria. In this qualitative type of research, I chose to use secondary analyzation of data as my research method. I obtained much of the information from studying health literature, journals, laws and other online publications, which I found to be relevant to the topic at hand. I also consulted with the Zambian ministry of health through provincial health offices as well as via district health offices. A series of three open research questions was used as a guide to obtaining the much needed data. However, the results revealed that the current intervention measures used in the prevention and control of malaria are efficient and effective. In 2009, Zambia recorded a 66 percent reduction in deaths due to malaria. This success recorded clearly surpasses the target set by the ?roll back malaria? 2006 which was aimed at reducing mortality due to malaria by 50 percent by year 2010. However, parasitemia results still show great variation in prevalence between urban areas and rural. This inequality is also evident in the access to health care as well. There is much need to scale up on intervention measures if a Zambia without malaria is to be achieved. This work can as used as a public health tool in the prevention of malaria in Zambia and also as a road map to future research concerning malaria and public health.
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Comparison of oral health of 12-15 years old adolescents in the district of Jihlava and the district of Havlíčkův Brod
VAŇKÁTOVÁ, Denisa
"Oral health is important for general state of health and also for quality of life". This is how treatise on problems of oral health WHO starts. This sentence was an inspiration for this dissertation called "Comparison of oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in the region of Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod". All over the world 60-90 % of school age children have a dental caries. It is a localised patological process of microbiological origin which affects hard tooth tissue. It can lead to the loss of vitality of a tooth marrow and other patological phenomena. It is a very frequent disease in children´s age. One of the indicators of level of oral health is DMF index. It is a sum of permanent teeth with decay, with filling and teeth already extracted due to tooth decay. This thesis traditionally consists of theoretical part, which is a compiled information from specialized literature and practical part, where a method of cross-sectional study was used. The practical part consists of a cross-sectional study. The aim of this part was to map the occurence of tooth caries at 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions. It focuses on comparison of differences in oral health between these two regions and between boys and girls in both regions measured by DMF index. Part of this study is also a comparison of oral health of chosen population with recommended parameters of WHO for 12 years old. To fulfil this target, selected dentists were contacted and asked for cooperation. Collection of data was done with help of nurses in the dentists' offices. Data were recorded from health cards of the patients to a prepared record keeping sheet. Anonymity was preserved during collection and processing of data. To validate the data the corectness of inserted data was randomly rechecked. Data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel data sheet and were backed up. Three hypotheses were rised in this thesis: H1: There exists statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness in chosen regions. The difference at defectiveness of teeth has been demonstrated. Higher level of oral health is in Jihlava region study population. H2: There exists statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness between girls and boys. This hypothesis was rejected. Alternative hypothesis was accepted: Statistically significant difference in teeth defectiveness between girls and boys does not exist. H3: Oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions has got parameters recommended by WHO. This hypothesis was rejected. Alternative hypothesis was accepted: Oral health of 12-15 year old adolescents in chosen regions does not have parameters recomMended by WHO. Results of this study will be communicated with all participating dentists. Results of the study has also shown a significantly higher defectiveness of teeth in the studied population in comparison with foreign study in a similar age sample of young people from New South Wales. On the other hand, young people from Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod more often attend dentists and their results are much better at this point. In comparison with national studies from years 1998, 2003 and 2010 our results are more positive. It is possible to see gradual increase of percentage of young people with intact teeth and also slow decrease of average DMF value. In comparison of these two regions Jihlava and Havlíčkův Brod, the results from Jihlava were more positive. Statistically significant difference in defectiveness of teeth between girls and boys was not notified. Average DMF in studied population was 1,7. WHO recommended DMF 3 for the year 2000 and 1,0 for the year 2010. DMF index in our study did not reach the level recommended by WHO for the year 2010.
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The role of a nurse at general practitioner's office for children and adolescents in connection to prevention of testicular cancer
NESPALOVÁ, Jana
Theory background Testes are two male reproductive glands located in the scrotum and separated protective sheath of dense connective tissue. They play major role in spermatogenesis and hormone production. They also represent secondary gender symbols and therefore are important for the personality forming of young individuals. Testicular cancer stand for about 1- 1.8% of all malignant tumour diseases in males and occur most often between 15- 35 years of age. This bachelor's work gives information on the anatomy and physiology of testes, the risk factors and causes for the occurrence of testicular cancer, and also about the symptoms and diagnostics. This thesis also deals with the role the nurse has in general practitioner's office for children and adolescents regarding the prevention of testicular cancer, preventive check-ups and self-examination. Work aim First aim of this work is to map the role of the nurse in general practitioner's office for children and adolescents regarding the prevention of testicular cancer. The research question posed was: What is the role of the nurse in general practitioner's office for children and adolescents regarding the prevention of testicular cancer? Second aim was to find out about the awareness on testicular cancer in boys 15-19. First hypothesis says: Awareness about the prevention of testicular cancer varies with age. Second hypothesis: Self-examination of testes changes with age. Used methods Qualitative research was used for the first part of the assignment, while a questionnaire and method of deep dialogues with the nurses working at general practitioner office for children and adolescents in South Bohemia was conducted for the second part. The dialogs were recorded on a dictaphone and then transcribed word for word. In the second part quantitative research was used through a method of questioning and technique of non-standardised questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled in by boys aged 15-19 living in South Bohemia. The parameter test Anova, a type of scattering analysis, was used on the data. "Its basis lies in the total scattering of the followed variable being divided into scattering within individual selections and scattering between them. If the scattering between the selections is improbably large it points towards significant influence of factor a (Budíková, 2010, s. 181)." Results The transcribed dialogs were analysed by open coding, by the pen and paper method. Five categories were defined: Education, testicular cancer, testes examination, patient dispensary. Subcategories with major data encoded, were assigned to each category. Analysis of the non-standardised questionnaire gave rise to ten resulting graphs with respondent answers. The graphs were consequently described. First hypothesis saying that the knowledge about the prevention of testicular cancer changes with age was not proven. The second hypothesis saying that the process of self-examination changes with age was not proven either. Conclusions The first research part proves that nurses working in general practitioner office for children and adolescents do educate the patient on this subject. The respondent possessed basic information on the subject of prostatic cancer and stated that testes examination is conducted in the surgeries. Scientific literature for this subject was recommended by only two of nine respondents. The respondents stated that testes examination and education about the subject of testicular cancer is conducted, although the second part of the research showed that the boys are almost not at all familiar with the subject. Furthermore, testicular examination was not conducted for most of them at the practitioner's office. The second part of research showed that the boys aged 15-19 let possess insufficient information on the prevention of testicular cancer. Most had almost no knowledge on what is involved in such prevention.
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Diet habits and lifestyle of patients after heart attack
NOVÁ, Veronika
In the theoretical part I briefly introduce the reader to the current state of given topic and describe the function of the heart and myocardial infarction. Another chapter discusses atherosclerosis and individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease. I focus on primary prevention, which is devoted to physical activity and nutrition. Myocardial infarction is among acute forms of ischemic heart disease and in the Czech Republic occupies top positions in mortality. The link between lifestyle and the risk of myocardial infarction is supported by many studies. Nutrition significantly affects health. In the Czech diet commonly occurs an increased amount of animal fats, sugar, salt and lack of fruit, vegetables, fish and fiber. Also physical activity can bring improvement to quality of life. The practical part focuses on research with aim on mapping eating habits and lifestyle of patients with myocardial infarction. The results were processed by quantitative methods in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. To collect data, I used questionnaires inquiring eating habits and lifestyles of respondents before myocardial infarction. Part of the questionnaire was asking about frequency of consumption of each food group. The survey was conducted in West and South Bohemia region for nearly five months at the turn of the year 2015 and 2016. 50 men after first myocardial infarction with no age limit were contacted but only 42 responded. Results of the survey show us that many men who have had myocardial infarction, disregarded appropriate eating habits. Lack of physical activity is obvious. 43% of respondents stated that they did not take part in any physical activity, not even for 30 minutes per day. In my opinion, it's most necessary to eliminate the risk factors possibly leading to myocardial infarction.
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Nutrition of infants and toddlers with allergies to cow's milk protein
VAVEROVÁ, Petra
The main objective of the thesis titled Nutrition of Infants and Toddlers with Cow's Milk Allergy is to outline the course of the disease and to present solutions to it. Another objective is to determine the frequency of milk allergy in the paediatrician's office. The thesis also aims to present a list of medical products for this type of disease. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the classification of milk allergy in food allergies. Further, it discusses breast milk as the most important food for infants and the difference between breast milk and cow's milk. Finally, it discusses the very disease of cow's milk allergy, its prevalence, where and how it manifests most, methods of its diagnosing, and treatments available. In the end of the theoretical part, we deal with a list of artificial infant food suitable for children with cow's milk allergy. The research part of the thesis was developed by using qualitative research conducted through interviews with a dual focus with paediatricians. The first type of interviews with various paediatricians and a specialist physician were devoted to their knowledge, opinions, and information interesting for cow's milk allergy. The second type of interviews was aimed at patients with cow's milk allergy. These aimed to determine the course of the disease and diagnostic tests to identify the presence of the disease. Furthermore, they addressed the question of nutrition and current status of such patients. The theoretical part also includes an overview and evaluation of products of artificial infant food suitable for children with cow's milk allergy and in Nutriservis profesional I created a weekly diet for a child with an allergy to cow's milk protein.
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The dilemma of a social worker in connection with the proposed alternate care for minor
KUBÁTOVÁ, Renata
In the theoretical part, there I devote to the family itself, what are its functions, further I deal with a marriage and parenthood. In the next chapter I explain the divorce with minor children, causes of the divorce rate and the children´s reactions to the divorce. This is followed by a chapter on the social worker dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, his roles and competences, which dilemmas he encounters during his work. Last but not least I deal with the mutual and alternate care. What are prerequisites of the successful alternate care, its advantages and disadvantages. I chose a technique of a semi-structured interview for the qualitative research. There is a minimum of topics and questions that the interviewer must discuss. These basic topics and interviews then are attached by various other additional topics that the interviewer seemed to be meaningful or suitable to an extension of the original assignment. Data obtained through the interview I worked out using the coding. The research sample has been represented by the department of the children´s social and legal protection. This department belongs under the department of social affairs in municipalities with extended powers. Specifically, they were social workers of this department who I gained all the necessary information for the research from. The aim of this thesis was to describe the dilemmas of the social worker in the area of the social work in connection with the decision on the alternate care for the minor child. The research showed that there still prevails the number of children, who are placed by the court in the sole custody of mothers in the Czech Republic. It more often happens, that children´s fathers who were for the alternate care at the beginning, after a certain time revise their opinions and decide to leave the education of the children to their mothers. Regarding the dilemmas of the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, there are situations which occur more and more. These are especially situations when parents cannot agree on any rules on which the alternate care could run smoothly. In those above mentioned situations the child is placed in the sole custody to one of the parents. The everyday problem of the social workers is a large number of clients. The main reason for this is a growing number of divorces. To be able to cope with so many clients, all leads to the fact that the social workers are forced to reduce their time, energy, but also their attention which is to be paid to individual clients. Specifically in České Budějovice, the social workers from the department of the children´s social and legal protection lead only very few consultations with their clients directly in their office. It is especially due to the lack of their time, because they more often go to investigate a particular family on demand of the court. Many social workers meet the fact that the family wants to realize the alternate care, but for the reason of the non-cooperation of the both parents most of the alternate cares come to an end. As for the forms of the alternate care, most families realize a week alternate care. Mainly it is at the primary school-age children for the reason that the children are small and after a short time they miss the other parent. A 14-day alternate care is realized at the older children. They usually dislike their permanent moving from one parent to the other. A contribution of this thesis is to provide a topic for the social workers dealing with the children´s social and legal protection, to use it in their own practice in connection with the alternate care. Finally, the results can be used for an evaluation of the social workers´ approach to the families wishing to realize the alternate care.
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The use of teaching methods in nursing practice with a focus on prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
DUBOVÁ, Marie
Diseases of affluence are those that accompany any given society at any given time. The best "treatment" for diseases of affluence is prevention, which in nursing practice can be achieved by using appropriate teaching methods. One of the diseases of affluence is tooth decay. Recent studies have shown a significant decrease in oral hygiene amongst children. The result is an increase in tooth decay which has a negative impact on the secondary dentition. Prevention should include increasing children?s awareness of their own health and learning effective teeth cleaning with the help of their parents. The role of nurses in primary prevention of oral health of children is indispensable and includes various educational activities. This thesis is focused on the use of appropriate teaching methods of tooth decay prevention in nursing practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a prevention programme called ?A Healthy Tooth?. This programme was aimed at children in kindergarten and pupils in the first four years of primary schools. Its aim was to increase their skills and knowledge of preventing tooth decay. It was also aimed at parents of the children who were trained in this programme. To achieve the purposes of this thesis we used a methodological triangulation technique which enabled us to examine the impact of the programme by applying several different methods. The following methods were used: a questionnaire for parents and children, interviews with children and direct observation of children while they were cleaning their teeth. The questionnaire for parents and children consisted of six closed questions about the issue of tooth decay prevention. The questionnaires were anonymous and were compiled for the purposea of this thesis. The questionnaires were distributed to the children with a written consent from their parents. The research sample for the quantitative survey of parents included parents of children from kindergartens and primary schools in Jindřichův Hradec. 130 questionnaires were distributed, 128 (98 %) of completed questionnaires were returned and none of them were discarded. The research sample for the quantitative investigation of children included children from kindergartens and the first four years of primary schools in Jindřichův Hradec. With the consent of the parents, 24 children from kindergartens and 108 children from primary schools were interviewed. 132 (100%) questionnaires were classified for further evaluation. The data were evaluated using Microsoft Excel charts. To verify the hypotheses, we used a test of independence ? chi-square ? using a PivotTable. For the semi-structured interviews with children, we created a schedule of questions. The central topic of the interview was tooth decay and its prevention. Interviews with children were conducted with the written consent of their parents and were anonymised. Direct observation of children during toothbrushing was conducted to explore the method and sequence of cleaning their teeth. It was noted in the answer sheet and photographs were taken with the consent of the parents of the respondents. The research sample for the qualitative survey consisted of ten children ? five children from kindergartens in Jindřichův Hradec and five children from primary schools in Jindřichův Hradec. The data were processed in the SmartArt diagrams and tables using Microsoft Office Word 2007. The results of the survey helped determine the depth of knowledge and skills in the tooth decay prevention of children. It showed some positive effects of the use of appropriate teaching methods in the effectiveness of the prevention programme in nursing practice. It also contributed to the improvement of dental health in the child population.
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Testing of biological materials in surgeries of pediatricians - POCT
FRDLÍKOVÁ, Adéla
This thesis is concerned with the accumulation of results of the POCT diagnostic methods in a pediatrician's office and the results of measurements in a respective laboratory. I examined and gathered the results of three mostly tested biological materials which are blood, urine and stool. For the urinalysis, I conducted a basic chemical, microscopic and microbiological examination. When doing blood analysis, I determined the amount of C-reactive protein in blood. For stool analysis, I checked for the presence of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. The general description of the individual examinations is to be found in the theoretical part of this thesis. In methodology, I described the apparatus and methods in detail. To chemically analyze the urine, I worked with HarnUReader device which operates on the principle of photometrics. In a laboratory, I checked the provided results against HeptaPhan diagnostic strips and a microscope analysis. The presence of bacteria in the urine was established in the pediatrician's office by using the Uricult Trio cultivation tests, which are coated with a layer of agar on both sides. I confirmed these results in a laboratory by a bacterial inoculation on blood agar and Endo soil. In the pediatrician's office, I used the Quikread device which measures the amount of C-reactive protein in the specimen on the principle of photometrics. In the laboratory, I checked these results against the results made by the fully automated Architest plus c4000 device which works on the principle of turbidimetry. To detect the presence of rotaviruses and adenoviruses in the stool, I used the Diarlex MB set in the pediatrician's office and the Rapid-VIDITEST Rota Adeno set in the laboratory. This thesis accurately describes the course of action I took to work with the respective methods and explains the detected results. The results of my work in the pediatrician's office and in the laboratory are summarized in the discussion.
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Nutritional Habits in the Lifestyle of Students of the University of South Bohemia
HAVLOVÁ, Martina
The topic of a healthy lifestyle and nutrition has been increasingly discussed these days. This topic was selected due to the fact that students lead a rather busy life full of stress, neglect their nutrition and often put nutrition in the last place of the list of their values. The text of the bachelor thesis is based on available published specialized works and Internet resources. The first chapter of the thesis contains brief characteristics of basic components of food. The second chapter addresses nutrition. It includes explanation of the importance of nutrition and rational diet, and contains nutritional recommendations for the population of the Czech Republic and basic information about alternative nutrition and its selected types. The last but one chapter is focused on physical activities which form an integral part of a healthy lifestyle. The last chapter addresses anorexia, bulimia, obesity and overweight that are often caused by improper eating habits and have been extensively discussed these days. This thesis sets 2 objectives and the related hypotheses. Objective 1: To ascertain the prevailing nutritional regimes of students of the University of South Bohemia on the basis of a quantitative research. Objective 2: To ascertain the motivation of students of the University of South Bohemia to adhere to specific nutritional and exercise regimes. Hypothesis 1: Alternative diets do not prevail in the nutritional regimes of students of the University of South Bohemia. Hypothesis 2: The most prevalent motivation of students of the University of South Bohemia to adhere to specific nutritional measures and regimes is an effort to reduce or maintain body weight. The required data were collected through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaires were distributed in electronic form in bulk to the e-mail addresses of students through the study departments of individual faculties of the University. The results were processed in statistic terms and presented in charts using the program Microsoft Office Excel. The research of this bachelor thesis shows that the results confirm hypothesis 1 and hypothesis 2. Objectives 1 and 2 of this thesis were also fully achieved. Objective 1 was achieved with this conclusion: the research has revealed that the prevailing nutritional regime of the students is based on rational nutrition but students not always follow the nutritional recommendations for the Czech Republic. Regrettably, students often eliminate or reduce the intake of certain needed foods that are found unattractive by the consumers. Objective 2 was achieved with this conclusion: the prevailing motivation of students to adhere to nutritional measures is an effort to improve or maintain the body weight; however, a comparable percentage of students do not adhere to any nutritional measure. Similar results were obtained in respect of the question aimed to clarify the motivation to adhere to exercise-related measures. 31 percent of respondents are motivated by the enjoyment of exercise and 30 percent of the respondents are motivated by improving or maintaining their body weight. In conclusion, the eating habits and physical activities of students may be assessed as positive, contrary to my expectations. The resulting values of the BMI are also positive; only 2 percent of the respondents are obese and 77 percent have a normal relative body weight. Slight room for improvement may be found in fluid intake ? some students should increase it. It is also desirable to consume more milk and dairy products. It is appropriate to increase the students? awareness of nutrition and a healthy lifestyle because only a small percentage of the respondents obtain the information at school. They often prefer resources, such as magazines, Internet and TV, which are not always objective.
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Consumer loans and their impact on the debtor´s social situation
KOKEŠOVÁ, Petra
The bachelor's thesis entitled Consumer credits and their impact on the social situation of debtors investigates the causes and consequences of entering the credit contracts. Borrowing money becomes a risky phenomenon and has a very negative impact on the society. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the legal regulation of consumer credits and motivation of persons to enter them. It describes the causes leading to inappropriate indebtedness of persons, being normally not able to get a credit in view of their income. It refers to the facts stated in the business terms and conditions and practices of sellers and companies. Thanks to arrangements in the business terms and conditions which are an inseparable part of the contract and which are accepted by signing by the client, it may be agreed that a not paid claim may be ceded to a lawyer's company for collecting. In such a case, the debtor is obliged to pay also the costs of legal representation. The occurred claims are increased considerably by the court or arbitration proceedings. The people's low knowledge of this issue is confirmed also in the conclusion of bachelor's thesis. In the practical part of the research, three research questions were formulated: 1) Do the respondents use the consumer credits for the necessary subjects or services? 2) Does the company elaborates a financial plan for the borrower to estimate if he/she will be able to meet its obligation? 3) What impacts had exacting the claim on the social situation of the respondent or its family? 8 persons utilizing the services of Consulting Centre ? Equal Chances for Everybody operated by Jihočeská Růže o.s. took part in the research. The talks were performed individually and anonymously. The qualitative method of questioning and analysis of contents of documents deepening the research were applied. These documents were 315 credit contracts from a non-banking company which are handed over for collecting to a lawyer's office. The task of this thesis was to find out if the persons entering credit contracts behave maturely, if they think about the consequences of this behavior; if the inability to pay occurs only for external reasons or if these persons act rashly with the target to satisfy their momentary needs. The thesis shall research the purpose for which the households are inclined to enter credit contracts. I deepened this research also by the analysis of not paid credit contracts. By means of interviews with respondents I tried to describe the consequences of the financial burden of repayment of the claim on their life or life of their family. It was confirmed by the research that the concern are less necessary and more expensive goods. Lower share represented the credits for standard equipment of households. These goods were mostly electronics as notebooks and TV-sets. The talks with respondents confirmed also the statement that the credits are also used to pay the debts of another creditor. The respondents, who are not able to meet their obligations do not create any financial plans. This shows the low responsibility rate of these persons. Before entering the contract, they do not compare the products and do not ask about credit parameters. The research confirmed the prognosis of experts. The financial burden had a negative impact on the life of the family resulting in consideration of divorce. The respondents had negative psychological consequences manifested in the form of stress and depressions. The financial burden caused by collecting claims resulted in several cases in the inability to pay further obligations as e.g. housing. In one case, economic and cultural limitation occurred.
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