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Kuřecí embrya jako inkubátor pro pomnožení parazitů rodu Cryptosporidium
SCHULZOVÁ, Tereza
This study aimed to determine the extent to which infection at the embryo stage can enhance the propagation of Cryptosporidium oocysts in chickens. Nine-day-old chicken embryos and one-day-old chickens were experimentally infected with different doses of Cryptosporidium baileyi and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Post hatching, all chickens had demonstrable infections, and the infection dose had no effect on the course of infection. Chickens infected as embryos shed oocysts immediately after hatching and, over the course of the infection, they shed significantly more oocysts than infected oneday-old chickens. In chickens infected as embryos, C. baileyi was found in all organs except the brain, with highest infections in the trachea and oesophagus, and C. parvum was found only in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea, with highest infections in the gut and cloaca. In one-day-old infected chickens, C. baileyi was found only in the gastrointestinal tract and trachea, with highest infections in the gut. Chickens infected as embryos with C. baileyi died within 16 days of hatching. All other chickens cleared the infection within 13-25 days. Based on these findings, infection of chicken embryos could serve as a cost effective and simple model for the propagation of Cryptosporidium spp.
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Hatching synchrony in birds
Tippeltová, Zuzana ; Hořák, David (advisor) ; Riegert, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis is about hatching synchrony in birds. Generally, among birds there are two types of hatching - asynchronous and synchronous- and the type of hatching is primarily determined by the time of the onset of incubation. In many bird species, including most precocial ones, incubation does not begin until the last egg has been laid, which results in hatching of all the eggs within a few hours. In synchronously-hatched broods, all the chicks are about the same age. Thus no single individual has an advantage in size or strength over any of its siblings in the nest. The survival probability is then similar for all chicks which maximizes number of fledglings under favourable condition. In contrast many species of birds begin to incubate as soon as the first eggs is laid and hatch their eggs asynchronously over a period of days or weeks, handicapping last-hatched chicks with an age and size disadvantage. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why female birds start to incubate before clutch completion and some of those suggest that asynchronous hatching is a parental strategy for raising the largest number of offspring that food resources will allow when the abundance of food for the chicks cannot be predicted at the time that eggs are laid. The selective pressures leading to the evolution of...
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Differentiation of different types of eggs by mass spectrometry
Švárová, Markéta ; Kučková, Štěpánka (advisor) ; Rusek, Martin (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis was to distinguish bird species based on the expected different protein composition of eggs and their individual components using mass spectrometry. The obtained results could be possibly used to identify the animal origin of egg materials used in works of art. For the research, components of the eggs (yolk, egg white and their mixture) of nine available bird species were collected and dried - pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus), domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), muscovy duck (Cairina moschata), chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) - four different specimens, Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), pampas rhea (Rhea americana), red ore (Alectoris rufa), speckled guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). The samples were digested by the enzyme trypsin and prepared using ZIP-TIP for the next measurements by MALDI-TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption / Ionization - Time of Flight) mass spectrometry. The obtained data were evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The used method showed that the most bird species can be distinguished by yolks (with an approximately 95% success rate) and more than half of the species by egg white proteins (success rate 83%) and by the egg white and yolk mixtures (success rate 80%). Two samples of...
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Variability of the domestic chicken breeds in selected immunological traits of hen and egg
Bílková, Barbora ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Plachý, Jiří (referee) ; Trefil, Pavel (referee)
The avian immune system is a complex system of defence mechanisms that protect bird hosts against threats from ubiquitous pathogens. According to the co-evolutionary models, variability in immune traits of hosts is the key component providing ability to adapt and enhance their defence mechanisms in presence of constant selective pathogen pressure. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is used as a model organism in avian biology and also is one of the most important food-producing animals, not only for their meat but also for the egg production. Unfortunately, in research usually only inbred chicken lines are used and modern poultry husbandry is tight with unilateral breeding towards highly productive breeds. Those approaches decrease intra-population polymorphism in chickens. However, especially in case of farm animals, searching and extending the pool of immune variability and enhancing pathogen resistance is crucial for sustaining healthy and biologically secure populations and their products. Morphologically highly distinct traditional chicken breeds, which have evolved for hundreds years under different selective pressures, may represent this desirable immunological variability. In my thesis I described variability in chosen immunological traits, haematological parameters and proteomic...
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Zkrmování pšenice s vyšším obsahem anthokyanů u nosnic v závěru snášky
Trněná, Iva
The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the influence of feeding of wheat with higher content of anthocyanins in laying hens at the end of the laying cycle compared to feeding common wheat without anthocyanins. The measured parameters included hen weight, feed consumption, laying, weight and quality of eggs and biochemical profile of hen's blood. 30 hens of the Bowans Brown hybrid combination were used in the experiment at 69 weeks of age. Layers were divided into two groups of 15 pieces. The first group was control, fed with a common wheat variety Bohemia with low anthocyanins and the second group was experimental - fed with RU 687-12 wheat colored wheat with high anthocyanin content. In the experiment, the egg laying, feed consumption, animal weight, and egg quality were evaluated in laying hens. At the end of the experiment, blood was taken for biochemical examination. The results of both groups were compared between each other. The results of the statistical assessment show that the feeding of wheat RU 687-12 has significantly influenced the feed and feed consumption, which was higher than in the experimental group. However, the hen eggs of the experimental group had a significantly lower weight. However, the total egg production was significantly higher in the experimental group (P = 0.04). Egg quality was found to be significantly higher in yolk and a higher weight of yolk, but also a lower proportion of white egg in the experimental group. Biochemical analysis of blood showed a higher blood albumin concentration in the blood plasma of the experimental group. The other monitored parameters did not differ significantly. Based on the results of the experiment, we can state that the feeding of wheat with a higher proportion of anthocyanins had a positive effect on the performance of the laying hens, expressed by the number of eggs, the production of egg mass and the higher proportion of yolk.
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Vliv alternativních krmiv na parametry užitkovosti nosnic
Matějková, Jana
The diploma thesis deals with two experiments with non-traditional fodder. During the first experiment, the effect of the addition of Silybum marianum in the feeding mixture of laying hens on laying eggs and their quality was monitored. In the second experiment, the effect of the addition of variety of wheat Citrus with higher carotenoid content on laying eggs and their parameters of quality. Both mixtures were presented to laying hens of Isa Brown hybrid. The effect of these two feeds was compared with a group of laying hens that were fed with a control feeding mixture with a commonly available wheat variety. During the experiment, a significant difference (p <0.05) was observed for the yolk color indicator. After the evaluation of the obtained data in the STATISTICA 12 program, the positive effect of the variety of wheat Citrus on the yolk color and the weight of the laid egg was found, while the consumption of the feeding mixture was significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to control feeding mixture. In the case of the experimental group which was fed with the experimental feeding mixture with the addition of Silybum marianum, there was a significant (p <0.05) lower consumption of the feed compared to the control group and had a significant (p <0.05) lower number of laid eggs per group and day.
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Stanovení mastných kyselin ve vejcích v závislosti na druhu krmení u nosných slepic
Losertová, Milena
The aim of the diploma thesis was to monitor the influence of grass in feed on fatty acid content in eggs. The experiment was carried out on Lohmann Brown Classic hybrids at the age of 12 weeks. Layers were divided into five groups. The feed was enriched by a 5% drop of Trifolium pretense, Trifolium repens, Medicago sativa and Lolium perenne. The control group were fed in a diet containing color-promoting additives. The fattening took three months. Egg samples were collected at the end of the month. Feedin and the power was run ad libitum. The effect of the addition of dried plants was significantly (P < 0,05) to the color of the yolk. A statistically significant (P < 0,05) incerease in palmitic acid in eggs was recorded during the experiment in eggs produced by laying hens which were in diet containing addition of Trifolium pretense and Medicago sativa. A demonstrable increase (P < 0,05) was also observed in laying hens which were fed with a mixture enriched with Trifolium pretense in percent α-linolenic acid content.
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Význam chovu Indického běžce
Kalivodová, Monika
The main purpose of this bachelor thesis was find out the importance of breeding an Indian runner duck. In this thesis I deal with the breeding and utilization of the Indian runner duck, and also with his history and extension. I also focused on the ancestor of the domestic duck, the wild duck. I have dealt with its hisotry, expansion and way of life. In this bachelor thesis, I also described what breeds of wild duck exist and are recornized in the Czech Republic.
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Ileální stravitelnost vápníku v závislosti na tvorbě skořápky
Jaroš, Jaromír
The aim of the study was to observe changes in illeal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus during shell formation. The experiment was conducted on 350 Lohmann LSL-Classic hybrids laying whiteshelled eggs. At the time of the experiment, layers were fed with 115 g per layer per day of DeHeus N1 Power with the supplement of 0,5 % of chromium dioxide. Five groups were established. T1 (5–6 hours after laying), T2 (7–8 hours after laying), T3 (9–10 hours after laying), T4 (11–12 hours after laying), T5 (13–14 hours after laying). Six replications for each group were performed. All laying hens were housed in the same conditions in enriched cages. The ileal digestibility of calcium and phosphorus was determined by the indicator method. Within the first 10 hours after laying the last egg, the digestibility of calcium stayed unchanged at 61–62 %. A statistically significant increase in digestibility up to 75 % occurred approximately 12 hours after the lay in the T4 group. The digestibility of the phosphorus was fluctuating across all groups. Extension of the study throughout the whole process of eggshell formation would show a more comprehensive view of the issue.
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