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Conventions on Chemical and Biological Weapons - Similarities and Differences
JANTAČOVÁ, Veronika
Currently, although we are not jeopardized by global conflicts, but when the threat of chemical or biological attack, especially from the side of some of terrorist groups or a belligerent state, is still real, it is necessary to use all possible available measures for the conservation of global security against conventional weapons and weapons of mass destruction. The aim of this thesis is the following: To analyze texts of both stated Conventions and thus to get a consolidated view on the issue of biological and chemical weapons from the legislative point of view. To obtain, on the basis of the analysis and systematic comparison of particular provisions, an overview of identical and different elements in both Conventions. On the basis of results of the mutual comparison of particular provisions of both Conventions, to assess, according to their versions, meaning and extent, the influence on performance of both Conventions. After meeting these objectives it was possible to provide an answer to the stated research question: Are the measures formulated in international Conventions on the Prohibition of Biological and Chemical weapons sufficient in their importance, versions and extent, including the effective control? For the purpose of this thesis, theoretical part is focused especially on defining biological and chemical weapons and effective warfare agents. Furthermore, in order to obtain the idea of the importance of existence of international Conventions on the Prohibition of Biological and Chemical Weapons there is given a brief history of the use of these weapons in armed conflicts and a history accompanying negotiations regarding their prohibition. For completeness, the current state of biological and chemical weapons and compliance with both Conventions are given in conclusion. Second part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis and comparison of texts of both Conventions, so objectives of the thesis could be achieved and the research question could be answered. Stated objectives were achieved with the assistance of methods of the qualitative research. After detailed analysis of both texts and systematic assessment of individual measures contained in them, there were detected especially the range and overall text of each Convention. Subsequently, identical and different articles were mutually compared in order to observe the differences, which could have an impact on the performance of both conventions. After overall review of compliances and differences, and after the assessment of the scale, version and meaning of particular different provisions, the research question could be answered, and at the same time basic recommendations, whose importance may represent means to more efficient implementation of individual provisions of Conventions, could be defined. On the basis of results of comparison of particular provisions of both Conventions, in response to the research question it is necessary to state, that actions formulated in CWC, including its Annexes, appear to be sufficient for compliance with arising obligations. While measures contained in BWC, in particular in terms of the absence of any control measures, which could be used as an effective feedback regarding the implementation of provisions of the Convention, optionality to declare information on activities unrestricted by the Convention and inaccurate definition of components seem to be insufficient in its version, extent and meaning for this purpose. Essential reformation regarding the implementation of the objectives of BWC would be adoption of a complex of control measures according to the design of CWC, which has major impact on the objectives of the Convention. Proposed completion of existing articles, in case of which the change in wording would extend the scope of their versions and increase the emphasis on some areas of contained provisions for more efficient implementation of the Convention, may be also beneficial.
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Methods of reduction of excessive biomass of phytoplankton
CHADTOVÁ, Gabriela
The aim of this study was to prepare review of methods to combat over development of phytoplankton. The work also includes a critical evaluation of usability, efficacy and risks of these methods. The methods to combat over-development of phytoplankton can be divided into direct and indirect. While the direct methods acts directly against phytoplankton, indirect methods are based mostly on reducing the amount of nutrients available for phytoplankton growth. Both of these methods can be further divided to biological, physico-mechanical and chemical. The direct methods of physico-mechanical include ultrasound, flushing and dilution, direct chemical methods include the use of chemical algaecides, coagulants and flocculants. Direct biological methods are especially divided by the principle of parasites(viruses,bacteria and fungi), competitors (algae), allelopathy (extracts from higher plants),predation (protozoa and herbivorous fish). The indirect physico-mechanical methods include extraction and overlapping sediment. Chemical methods are meant by the binding of nutrients to insoluble compound in the sediment and the biological methods are meant use of communities of bacteria for mineralization of sediments. The next part of the work is devoted to the characteristics of algae and cyanobacteria, as well as factors affecting the formation and development of algal blooms. In this part of the work I focus mainly on cyanobacteria, their toxins and the effect they have on the individual components of aquatic ecosystems.
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Important food-borne pathogens in raw cow´s milk
HRUBEŠOVÁ, Kristýna
This work talks about the problems of food-borne pathogens in raw milk, with a special focus on Campylobacter jejuni and Staphylococcus aureus including its negative influence on health of the consumers. The topic of consumption of raw milk was lately a much discussed question and is further described in the text. With consideration to possible occurrence of food-borne pathogens, it is important to thermally treat raw milk before consumption. Despite this fact there is still a large number of consumers who don?t respect this technical procedure and they threaten their own health.
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The units integrated rescue system activity during suspected a possible terrorist attack using biological arms and toxins
MAISTRYSZINOVÁ, Soňa
The possible use of biological weapons has become a reality. In the face of the character and the organizational transformation of the phenomenon of terrorism and the incidents related to terrorist attacks today, the interest of specialists, politicians, general public and of course also mass media in the threat of bioterrorism and the posibility of misuse of mass destruction weapons is getting stronger. A biological attack means an intentional use of vital microorganisms or their toxic products to cause a disease and death in people, animals and plants. This is a very broad issue, that is why this work is focused especially on a short summary of main aspects of the problem, with emphasis on readiness of the integrated rescue system for extraordinary incident, eventually on a crisis situation, that could come as a consequence of the use of biological weapons. The methods of a biological attack and its main characteristics. The general public must be better informed about the possibilities of ultraterrorist attacks and must be prepared for the possible reaction in case of these attacks. Growing awareness would probably significantly contribute to the elimination of losses in the case of use of these biological weapons by terrorists. It is necessary to focus on the citizens´ preparation regarding existing threats of terrorist attacks, inform them how to identify symptoms of attacks with weapons of mass destruction and how to adequately protect ourselves against them. A rank of proceedings exists for the protection of citizens, such as sufficient amount of protective masks, means for decontamination, a complete programme for mass vaccination, a broader and deeper planning of processes for extraordinary situations, as well as information about emmergency escape shelters etc..
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