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Study of the medium influence on the pollutants sorption on microplastics
Hamplová, Marie ; Kučerík, Jiří (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
With the increasing production of plastic waste, the pollution of the environment by persistent microplastics is increasing simultaneously. Other environmental pollutants, such as various pharmaceuticals, can be sorbed on microplastics. This increases the toxicity of microplastics and their risk to living organisms. Nowadays, the use of so-called biodegradable polymers, which are supposed to degrade spontaneously, is expanding. However, their degradation can also produce microplastics. Therefore, this bachelor thesis deals with the sorption of drugs onto microplastics from biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and with the influence of the surrounding aqueous environment on the rate and mechanism of sorption. Sorption of drugs onto microplastics made of synthetic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was also carried out for comparison. The quantity of drugs was analysed by UPLC-ESI-TQ. Sorption was observed from the drug mixture for antibiotics tetracyclines. The pH value of the surrounding environment influenced the sorption rate of tetracyclines, the highest sorption occurred at acidic pH 4. According to the results of evaluation of sorption by Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms, PHB microplastics have a higher sorption capacity than PET microplastics. Therefore, PHB microplastics could be a risk for living organisms.
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Study on sorption of inorganic nutrients on lignite
Vahala, Jan ; Klučáková, Martina (referee) ; Sedláček, Petr (advisor)
Although lignit represents a valuable chemical substrate, it has been utilized mostly as a fuel in energetic industry. This application is not cost-effective at all and provides a negative ecological impact. Therefore, this bachelor thesis focuses on sorption properties of lignite utilizable in its alternative, mostly agricultural applications. Experimental part of the work deals with sorption and desorption of model inorganic nutrients (nitrates and phosphates as main components of standard inorganic fertilizers). Results of the experiments provides closer view on an application potential of lignite as a carrier of these nutrients or as an organic supplement to traditional NPK agricultural fertilizers.
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Eliminating odors in the sewer network
Novotný, Jiří ; Malaník,, Stanislav (referee) ; Hluštík, Petr (advisor)
The diploma thesis focusses on the elimination of odor in the sewer system. Firstly, the paper contains the research in problematics of the origin, control and risks of the hydrogen sulfide for humans as well as for the sewer system. Secondly, the paper describes methods for hydrogen sulfide removal from water, air and in addition to that the selected sorbents are described in detail. Practical part deals with sorbent testing for hydrogen sulfide removal in laboratory environment. The practical part also follows up the odor in the particular area through sorption on sewer filters. From the measured data and from the results of the laboratory analyzes the consequences of the odor are evaluated and recommendations for the operator are presented.
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Interactions and imobilization of pharmaceuticals in soil systems
Šmerdová, Kateřina ; Krouská, Jitka (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
In these days, most non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including diclofenac (DK), are considered as environmental contaminants. In this thesis, the sorption and desorption mechanisms of diclofenac in soils with different organic matter content were studied. The pH of the medium and its effect on DK adsorption by Britton – Robinson buffer were also studied. Last but not least, the spontaneous degradation of DK in water under sunshine was observed; depending on similar studies, the photodegradation product has been described. The value of pH and conductivity of all the samples were monitored continuously throughout the experiment. It has been found that the content of soil organic matter has a colossal influence on the drug sorption and desorption. Studied soil with a higher content of organic matter recorded higher adsorption of DK in all monitored koncentration of DK. Different pH values also affected the sorption and desorption of DK. By results, a neutral and alkaline environment supports the adsorption of DK more than an acidic environment. The samples were analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Photodegradation of DK in water was successful after 4 months. The degradation product was analyzed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and FTIR spectrometry. The product of fotodegradation could probably be carbazole derivative.
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Humic substances - colloidal transport system of plant nutrients
Hudlíková, Iva ; Pospíšilová, Ľubica (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
The thesis deals with humic substances as major components of soil organic carbon during nutrients transport to plants root system. Literature research is focused on humic substances, adsorbing complex and transport of soil substances to plants. The experimental part of the work concentrates on interaction of humic acid with nitrates. A part of the work was humic acid characterization, and determination of titratable acidity and acidity COOH values.
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Vliv tepelné a chemické modifikace na sorpční, difuzní a hygroexpazní vlastnosti dřeva
Imramovský, Pavel
This thesis dealed with the influence of heat and chemical modification on sorption, diffusion and hygroexpansion properties of wood. To this aim, a thermal modification of European beechwood was carried out at temperatures (180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C) in the special modified chamber of Katres. Furthermore, chemical modification was required on individual samples using acetic acid anhydride. The individual samples had to be sliced in radial and tangential directions using microtoma. A dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) device was used to determine the sorption and diffuse properties of all these beech slices as well as the reference unmodified sample. In addition, dynamic swelling was determined for all groups studied in radial and tangential directions. In order to determine the rate of swelling, sample sizes were measured using a scaler in specified directions before and after the 24-hour period in the water. The results indicated that both heat- and chemically-treated beechwood scored better against moisture than reference untreated samples. The diffusion coefficient in the radial direction was also higher than in the tangential direction, which corresponds to the professional literature. The results indicate that heat- and chemically-treated beechwood resisted better moisture than the reference untreated samples. Within swelling, direction plays a large role, as measurements in the tangential direction are nearly twice as high as the radial. The possibilities of using modified wood in construction as well as from the perspective of the researched characteristic were considered. The statistics were performed in the ANOVA program.
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Možnosti využití vyhnilých kalů z městské čistírny k pyrolýze a jejich použití v sorpčních procesech na příkladu kyseliny šťavelové
PRAŽÁK, Jakub
This diploma thesis is focused on sludge management of waste water treatment plants. The research part of the thesis outlines the problems of sludge management in the Czech Republic and also deals with technologies and technical solutions related to the treatment and handling of sewage sludge for various purposes. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes the function of urban wastewater treatment plants and technological methods of wastewater treatment. I also focus on energy utilization of sewage sludge in pyrolysis processes. The result of these pyrolysis processes is called Biochar. Biochar is a carbon thick solid that arises from the pyrolysis of organic materials for application to soil and other uses such as biofuels. The carbon that remains in the solid forms stable aromatic structures that are more resistant to degradation in the natural environment. The mineral ash content of the original organic materials is preserved in the biochart and the volatile constituents of the raw material are lost during the pyrolysis process. In the second part of the work, the prepared and modified samples of the biochar are subjected to the determination of the sorption properties in order to determine whether the biochar is able to transfer the nutrients contained in it to the soil. If the biochar were able to transfer nutrients to the soil without any undesirable side effects, it could very much solve the problem of its future storage.
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Study of sorption of pharmaceuticals and compounds from personal care products to microplastics underfield conditions
Titov, Ivan ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Innemanová, Petra (referee)
With the development of civilization and the chemical industry, a whole range of new anthropogenic substances is being introduced into the environment. Some of these substances are produced primarily - targeted for a specific purpose (e.g. pesticides and pharmaceuticals) and others are created as a by-product of chemical synthesis or they are degradation products of primary substances. Whether they are low-molecular substances or macromolecules, in addition to their positive effect on mankind, these substances can also retroactively threaten the environment, including humans. The present work deals with interactions between two groups of xenobiotics, which appear to be a huge global problem. As part of this work, the sorption of a wide group of substances belonging to pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) on man-made microplastics from three types of polymers (PVC, HDPE, and PET) in real wastewater was studied. Two different locations were chosen for this experiment - effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Several sampling devices containing different types of microplastics were installed at these sites, including artificially aged alternatives that better reflect the behavior of microplastics found in real conditions. The results of these experiments showed the ability of...
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