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Peat formation and peat meadow restoration
Krejčová, Jana ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Picek, Tomáš (referee)
This work aims to clarify and describe the necessary conditions of the peat soil horizon formation. The following three types of locations were compared. Drained locations that were revitalized afterwards. Locations which were drained and never revitalized. And lastly undrained localities where the original peat horizons are still presented. It has been proven that the grounwater level differs in drained and undrained areas. However, there was no significant differrence between revitalized and non-revitalized areas in drained types of locations. The results confirmed that Sphagnum spp., which is the most important species in peat formation, dominates the plant community where the groundwater level is higher than 25 cm. If the grounwater level is lower than 25 cm below the surface, Sphagnum spp. disappears very quickly and degrades peat soil horizons. The work also proved the groundwater level directly affects plant comunities that more or less promote carbon accumulation in the soil but water level and anaerobic conditions have no direct affect on soil carbon accumulation and only affect the vegetation composition of the peat soil horizon.
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Characterization of peat
Freithová, Štěpánka ; Mikšík, František (referee) ; Kotlík, Josef (advisor)
Peatlands are considered to be valuable ecosystems on the Planet and play an important role in many processes globally likewise and in the landscape. They are important for maintaining a global biodiversity, play an important role in landscape hydrology and can be a source of drinking water. They can help minimize floods and contribute to climate change mitigation. The peat bogs are one of the largest terrestrial carbon reservoirs. They have been storing carbon for centuries. Many of peat functions are affected due to human activities. It can result into release of greenhouse gases into atmosphere and the excretion of organic carbon into watercourses. The subject of the thesis is understanding of the mechanisms of water binding in peat and exploring possible dependencies within the depth profile of the peatlands using thermal analytical methods, more preciously using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The stability of water molecule bridge (WaMB) was investigated. It was found out that the minimum temperature required for WaMB abatement decrease and the whole structure becomes less stable with increasing peat layer depth. Water release processes were evaluated with the meaning of the TGA measurements. A decreasing trend in the degradation of thermolabile substances and an increasing trend in thermostable substances within the peat profile were observed.
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The Combustion of Organic Lightweighting Agents in the Chamotte Materials
Smékalová, Veronika ; Keršner, Štěpán (referee) ; Sokolář, Radomír (advisor)
Lightweight chamotte products are popular building material. There are many types of lightweight chamotte on the market, but the most popular lightening options are organic ingredients. This brings some problems to the production of these products. This thesis deals with the burning of various types of lighters from shards of fireclay materials. In the theoretical part are summarized raw materials, which are necessary for production of lightweight chamotte. The results of the published research studies on the topic of lightening of organic lightening products are being described here. The practical part deals with properties of products made of clay or kaolin with the addition of a certain amount of lighter. These added lighters are spruce sawdust, beech sawdust, peat, bran, paper slurry and anthracite. All these lighters are direct. For comparison, the cenospheres, which represent indirect lightweights, were also included in the research. For all specimens, the temperature interval of burnout of specimens, refractoriness, classification temperature, bulk density, thermal conductivity coefficient and other properties were defined.
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Impact of bogs on local climate - Borkovická blata, Olešenský wetland
LEŠTINOVÁ, Iveta
This diploma thesis discusses the influence of peat bog habitats on local climate, especially the temperature and humidity regime and indicators of energetic balance in similar locations Borkovice Marshland and Olešenský Wetland compared to the contrasting terrestric non-wetland TTP eco-system between the municipalities of Soběslav and Veselí nad Lužnicí. The evaluation was carried out based on the measurements of temperature and humidity characteristics in the given habitat with using automatic weather stations. The measuring was carried out in the period of 17 April until 3 November 2016 in an hour interval. During the vegetation period, samples of plant biomass were taken and species diversity of the observed ecosystems was described. The analysis of measured meteorological data has proved that the locations differed from each other. Results prove relatively small differences in air temperatures shot at the level of growth and in 2 meters above the surface. The greatest average temperatures were found in the location of the permanent grass growth. The greatest average pressure of water steam was noted in the location of Olešenský Wetland both in 2 meters above the suface and on the level growth. The lowest average saturation supplement was noted in the location of Olešenský Wetland, also it is the wettest place. The highest values were proved by the location of permanent grass growth, meaning that it is the driest place. The highest average evaporational fraction was noted in the location of Olešenský Wetland where a single vapour used the greatest amount of available energy. In the Borkovická Marshland lokality, a single vapour used the lowest amount of energy. Differences among the studied localities were caused by vegetation and the amount of water present in the eco-system.
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Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic
Zuna, Milan ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Komárek, Michal (referee) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
1 Tree rings and peat bogs as archives of recent trends in Pb and Hg deposition in the Czech Republic Milan Zuna, 2012 Abstract The environment polluted by toxic metals is currently one of the most topical subjects studied in a great many countries. Toxic metals and their forms are studied primarily because of their negative impact on the environment and also on human health. In the territory of the Czech Republic, direct measurements of the concentrations of these substances are available only for a limited time period. Consequently, indirect methods, such as geochemical archives, are used to determine the historical environmental burdens from these metals. Historical lead concentrations (Pb) were studied on peat bog profiles and tree rings in selected localities in the Czech Republic. Altogether 12 peat bog profiles and 33 wood cores (Picea abies) were studied, in the border territories of the Czech Republic with different historical burdens (Krušné Hory - Novodomské rašeliniště - ND, Jizerské hory - Bílá Smědá - BS, Šumava - Jezerní slat - JS), and in a historically burdened area polluted by processing of Pb- Ag ores (Příbram-Brdy). In the vicinity of Příbram, areas around the Brdy ridge (9 km east of the Pb metallurgical works) as well as in the immediate vicinity of the metallurgical works. We used the...
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Using of unseparated digestate as a phosphorus source for garden plants
Kujanová, Denisa ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Jindřich, Jindřich (referee)
The advent of the modern trend of renewable resources was inevitable culmination of the development of civilization. Mankind learns more about use inexhaustible resources compared to depletion of reserves of non-renewable resources. Providers of renewable energy sources also include a biogas plant, which main function is the production of biogas. Biogas is produced in reactors by process of anaerobic fermentation without oxygen. As input for an agricultural biogas plants organic waste, cattle manure or for example energy grasses are used. The process of biogas production has the leftover of the fermentation at its end, so called digestate. Its composition depends especially on the inputs.
Digestate is a compound with high pH which is very rich not only for phosphorus but also for other nutrients. There are many studies dealing with the theory and practice of using digestate on the field for improving its properties and of other digestate usage. This diploma thesis has aim to explore combinations of unseparated digestate with peat and dolomite limestone with an effort to create a suitable substrate for different types of plants in terms of accessible phosphorus content.
During the experiment following plants were used between the years 2011 and 2015: Gazania rigens, Ocimum basilicum and Mentha piperita. For a control substrates following variants were used: Different types of commonly used growing substrates as the controls; peat combined with unseparated digestate in proportions of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 % volume. In selected years dolomite limestone was also added in doses of 3, 6, 10, 15 g/l to stabilize pH.
The results of the work show a positive effect of the digestate on the substrate properties as for example pH value (with possible addition of limestone for stabilization) or dry matter. Digestate appears to be a suitable source of phosphorus for plants. In terms of the above-ground biomass yield of plants reached its maximum value at the control substrate Gramoflor. From the tested substrates it was in the most cases the substrate with 10 % digestate (in two years with doses of 6 a 15 g/l). Highest percentage of dry matter reached usually the control substrates.
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Molecular study of lipids in humic acids by sequential chemical degradation
Bachratá, Radka ; Grasset, Laurent (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
Lipidy v půdě vykazují poměrně vysokou resistenci k biodegradaci, mohou proto tak zajistit informace o zdrojích organické hmoty a diagenetických procesech. Půdní organická hmota je vysoce heterogenní a vyskytují se v ní různé dynamické systémy. Vztahy mezi těmito systémy a molekulární strukturou ještě nejsou úplně známy. Analýza lipidů a bitumenu byla provedena u dvou vzroků (rašelina a lignit). Množství skupin sloučenin (volné uhlovodíky a volné ketony, vázané alkoholy, vázané mastné kyseliny, vázané -hydroxy kyseliny, volné dikyseliny a polycyklické sloučeniny) bylo idetifikováno pro oba vzorky a jejich distribuce byly určeny. GC/MS analýza volných a vázaných lipidů zjistila jejich různé zdroje během chemické degradace. Některé podobné znaky mohou být znakem uchovávání části vosků a suberinu z vyšších rostlin (dlouhé řetězce vázaných mastných kyselin). Velké rozdíly v molekulárním složení lipidů byly pozorovány mezi vzorky, dokládající význam studia lipidů z mladého sedimentu (rašelina) a starého (lignit).
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Fosil Fuels in Czech Republic
Ertelt, Tomáš ; Moskalík, Jiří (referee) ; Baláš, Marek (advisor)
The object of this bachelor thesis is to explore fossil fuels in the Czech Republic their kinds, qualities, occurrence, usage, extraction, import and export. Thesis focuses on black coal, brown coal, anthracite, lignite, peat, oil and natural gas. This thesis analyzes their availability, deposits, processing and usage in the Czech Republic. Production statistics of their extraction by 2011 are addend.
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Použití alternativních surovin pro pěstování okrasných dřevin v kontejnerech
Frlausová, Monika
Was experimentally evaluated the effect of selected nursery growing media development and quality of the crops produced. Added alternative components were observed coir, peat and coconut hydrogel. As a model plant was chosen for the experiment Cotoneaster buxifolius ,Nana', an attempt was one year. Parameters were evaluated: plant height, average length of shoots, number of shoots, root collar diameter, the volume of the root system. The raw material, which should in the future to replace peat in growing nursery substrates showed a positive effect on the quality and quantity of the crops.
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The peat quality and vegetation composition depending on land use
LEŠTINOVÁ, Iveta
Borkovická blata (moors) represent the largen bog in Třeboň Basin Area. Previously, there was mined pea tuntil 1979. The best preserved part of the moors was declared aprotected area in 1980. The mining impacted not only them so their immediate surroundings and landscape use. The work deals with the management of the surrounding areas, and how it may affect the quality of peatand its vegetation cover in nature reserve Borkovická blata. Fieldwork consisted of two parts: the first collection of peat and its chemical analysis (conducted in 20102011); second relevés with the development of land use surrounding areas (fieldwork was carried out from July to October 2014). On the moor were selected four phytocenological sites on the size of 5x5 m, on which were carried out sampling and survey. Selected sites showed at first glance significant differences by way of former use.
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