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Orchids as a model for research in ecophysiological adaptations of mycoheterotropic plants
Ponert, Jan ; Lipavská, Helena (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Perhaps all orchids are mycotrophic at early developmental stages, while majority of species photosynthesize at adulthood and only about 200 species remain fully mycotrophic for the whole life. Mycotrophy affects orchids at many levels. In this thesis, I focus on four aspects of orchid biology, which could be connected with mycotrophy: (i) systematics, (ii) genome size and endoreduplication, (iii) regulation of seed germination and (iv) mechanism of transfer of carbon and energy from fungi to orchids. There are over 27,000 recently recognized orchid species, nevertheless new ones are still discovering and old ones are revisiting. In this work I present a description of new species, Cleisostoma yersinii, and its morphological, anatomical, ecological and systematic characterization. Phylogeny reconstruction confirmed relationship with C. birmanicum. In the subtribe Podochileae, I reappraised the genus Campanulorchis to establish monophyletic but also morphologically defined group. For both abovementioned genera I prepared the artificial identification key. In the genus Dactylorhiza I revised taxa present in our country and I prepared an identification key which firstly mentions D. maculata subsp. elodes from Czech Republic. Orchid species diversity is probably reflected in genome structure. Results...
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in highlands
Černocká, Veronika ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
All species of orchids are sensitive plants and records of their distribution are rare. Their rarity is related to their complex biology and their sensitivity to changes in the environment. It is necessary to pay attention to these threatened species, so that we could preserve them from extinction. For their effective protection we need to know the main causes of extinction of their localities. It is also useful to know the factors, which determine their distribution, so that we could find new localities, where they occur. In this thesis I analyzed some climatic, geographic and ecological factors in the Jeseníky mountains and their surroundings. First, I visited localities of orchids, which were registered in large databases of their presence in the past. The four most numerous species were analyzed using the program MaxEnt. Based on the revisions, existence of 2/3 of the revised localities was confirmed, 8% of the revised localities became extinct because of overgrowth or due to human intervention in the landscape. From the MaxEnt results it is clear, that for all species the most important factor at the 50 × 50 m scale, is the type of biotope and heterogeneity of the countryside. The most suitable biotopes are floodplain and wetland forests, mesophile meadows, natural scrubs, peat bogs and...
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in South Bohemia
Kosánová, Kristina ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
Orchids are an endangered group of plants, protected both in the Czech Republic and in the whole world. Questions of their protection are therefore lively discussed, but not all factors, affecting their presence, are known so far. The purpose of this work was to find out, which environmental factors influence the existence of certain orchid species at their localities in the selected area. This is important for better protection of orchids, because only by knowing these factors we can find new sites, or improve management plans of the existing ones. Another purpose of this work was to find out what is the main reason for extinction of orchids at their historical localities and whether or not there is a possibility of finding other, yet unknown localities of these species. This thesis is based on data from databases, which were also updated during the data collection. The data were processed by computer software MaxEnt, which produces species distribution models and allows to predict potential occurrence of orchids even at yet unknown localities. This software also analyses the environmental factors affecting species presence. I found that the main reason of extinction of orchids at their historical localities was overgrowing. Main environmental factors affecting orchid occurrence were analysed for...
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Dynamics of orchid occurrence in lowlands
Štěpán, Jakub ; Kindlmann, Pavel (advisor) ; Křenová, Zdeňka (referee)
This thesis is about plants from the orchid family growing in 9 squares determined by KFME method with focus on the Nymburk region. This thesis describes a lowland area and its biotopes where these species can be found, including the most prominent threatening factors. Based on historical and currently available data I am actively verifying habitats with reported occurrence and by doing so I hope to create an up-to-date database of these taxa. By comparison of current state of orchid occurrence with historic data I will be able to tell more accurately the dynamics of individual populations, reasons for their decrease and suggest precautions for more efficient protection and support of these rare and endangered plant species.
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The role of trehalose in mycorrhizal associations
Šoch, Jan ; Ponert, Jan (advisor) ; Hála, Michal (referee)
Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a widely spread phenomenon in nature. A translocation of nutrients occurs between symbionts with disaccharide trehalose playing a key role in the process. However, this saccharide fulfils many important roles in metabolism of fungi and plants. Fungi use trehalose mainly as storage and transport saccharide. On the other hand, trehalose occurs in extremely low amounts in plants where it acts as a signal molecule. Thus it is likely that the saccharide could be used by the fungus to manipulate plant metabolism on a physical interface between symbionts. Trehalose has a similar function in many parasitic interactions. In most cases of mycorrhizal associations trehalose synthesis creates a carbon sink in mycelium which leads to saccharide transfer from the host plant to the fungus. Completely different situation occurs in the types of mycorrhizal symbiosis, where saccharides are translocated from a fungus to a plant. Some plants can utilize trehalose effectively as a sole source of energy. Consequently, the question raises - could such plants gain fungal trehalose on purpose as a source of energy and carbon? This review aims to assess and discuss the mentioned possibilities considering available literature. Key words: mycorrhiza, orchids, parazitism, saccharides, sink, symbiosis,...
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An Automated Hothouse for Young Orchid Plants
Chovančíková, Lucie ; Dvořák, Vojtěch (referee) ; Šťáva, Martin (advisor)
Constriction of automated greenhouse that shall secure ideal conditions for orchids in greenhouse (e.g. humidity, temperature, watering, air circulation etc.) is objective of this work. The first part deals with the analysis of current solutions whether commercial or professional. The second part of work describes greenhouse generally, there are technical parameters, purpose and function of single components. The third part of work occupies with proposal and construction of hardware, the fourth part occupies with description of VHDL specification. We can find out in two final part how greenhouse was construct and how it is possible to have control over greenhouse.
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The issue of transfer selected hybrids of the orchids genera, grown under aseptic conditions in vitro, into non-sterile conditions
KELÍŠEK, Michal
In this paper experiments were made with three taxa of orchids. The first part was to find out whether the treatment of plants with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has any impact on mortality during the transfer from in vitro culture to the unsterile environment of routine cultivation. All three taxa were divided into two parts and only one part was always treated while the other not. The deaths in individual groups were recorded during the experiment. In the second part the effect of fertilization on the biomass growth was investigated on two taxa. The method was again based on the division of the taxa into two parts and the fertilization of only one part. Necessary data were obtained by the weighing of plants at the beginning and end of the experiment. The results of the first experiment indicate that treatment of plants during the transfer has no impact on the subsequent mortality. In the second part, the dependence of fertilization on the biomass growth has been successfully proven in only one of the two taxa.
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Biology of lady orchid (Orchis purpurea Huds.)
HLAVÁČKOVÁ, Lenka
Bachelor's thesis deal with the biology of lady orchid, Orchis purpurea Huds. (1762). Work is the actual review of the technical literature, articles and information the lady orchid, especially geared to its morphology, biology, and the extension. The first chapter is orientated on an overview of nomenclature and detailed morphology of the spesies. The following chapters are devoted to the reproduction, life, flowerage, the conditions of growth and phytocoenose occurrence O. purpurea. In the Bachelor's thesis are mentioned the threating factors caused by the abiotic and biotic impressiones and the precautions used for protection and brief history of O. purpurea.
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Anatomical adaptation of the orchid Erythrodes nobilis to shading
KEMPSKÁ, Veronika
Orchid Erythrodes nobilis is ranked among terestrical orchids, which grows in shady undergrowth of Brazil tropical rainforest. This species has adapted to very strong shading. This thesis is focused on adaptations on shading of orchid Erythrodes nobilis, especially anatomical adaptation, chlorophyl adaptations and growth analysis. The typical feature of leaves structure of an orchid Erythrodes nobilis are especially lens-like cells in the skin and two-layers wide palisade parenchyma with high content of chlorophyl. The plant has responded to darkening with enhancement of leaf size, chlorophyl content and even the content of b-chlorophyl in adult leaves and creation of new leaves with enormous specific leaf size.
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In vitro cultivation possibilities of orchid Macodes petola
SVOBODOVÁ, Simona
The orchid family covers 90 percent of the rarest plants under protection all over the world. The ecological and economic value of orchids has aroused public awareness. Since vegatitve propagation methods are available, development of in vitro methods are essential for conservation and commercialization of plants. Purposes work was elaboration progress of vegetative multiplication for tropical orchid Macodes petola in conditions in vitro. At research were proof 4 methods, which distinguish in using desinfection, in operating time and in using different nutritive mediums.
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