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Capture of heavy metals from waste waters using hydrogels
Lang, Matěj ; Nová, Lucie (advisor) ; Širc, Jakub (referee)
Heavy metals can enter the ecosystem, among other forms, as divalent cations in the waste waters from industrial plants. One way of eliminating the ions from the waste waters is their absorption by polyelectrolyte hydrogels. In this bachelor thesis, the absorption of divalent cations of three different metals (calcium, nickel, copper) in a hydrogel based on polyacrylic acid is experimentally investigated. The absorption of ions is described by the hydrogel-solution partition coefficient. In this work, the partition coefficients are observed for varying concentrations of divalent ions. Furthermore, the type of ion-hydrogel interac- tion is determined, as well as some accompanying effects of hydrogel-solution interaction (water intake, pH change). Based on the distribution coefficients, it was determined that calcium is absorbed the most, followed by nickel and copper. Furthermore, it was deter- mined that the calcium-hydrogel bond is electrostatic, while the nickel and copper ions form coordination bonds with hydrogel. Keywords: heavy metals, hydrogel, divalent cations 1
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Ability of plants to adapt to anthropogenic pollution
Vachek, Tadeáš ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Due to global climate change and human interventions, the environment is changing rapidly. This brings many stress factors that organisms must adapt to. One of the adaptive mechanisms currently widely discussed is rapid evolution, i.e., hereditary change based on natural selection occurring at an ecologically relevant pace. This work deals with the synthesis of knowledge about rapid evolution, the methodology of its research, and its role in the adaptive processes of plants to anthropogenic pollution, focusing on heavy metals in soil and artificial light at night. The collected studies indicate that heavy metals exert strong selective pressure that can lead to the separation of a tolerant population from the original within a few generations. However, the significance of artificial light at night as a selective factor for plant evolution has not yet been studied. Although individual studies deal with adaptive evolution in phototactic insects in response to artificial light at night, extensive research has not been conducted here either. From the general examination of the effects of artificial light at night on organisms (especially animals), both direct and indirect impacts on their functioning are evident, many of which have not yet been described in detail. Thus, the direct and indirect impacts...
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Studium složení emitovaných pevných částic z domácího spalování
Lesná, Barbora ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is the analysis of the chemical composition of different biomass samples. Biomass samples underwent combustion in a fireplace stove, simulating combustion in domestic fireplaces. Firstly, biofuels are defined and the difference in chemical composition between wood and herbal fuels, which this thesis focuses on, is being discussed. In the following chapters, the combustion process and various types of emissions being released from the combustion of solid fuels are presented. Attention is paid to legislation and methods of measuring aerosols, then the focus is drawn to methods of their chemical analysis. The last chapters of the theoretical part focus on the health and environmental risks of solid particles that go hand in hand with being exposed to those particles. In the experimental part, the processes of sampling filters with particles, microwave decomposition of the samples. Furthermore, the thesis describes the analysis of the chemical composition of the input fuel, emitted particles and ash, in which metals were determined by the method of absorption atomic spectrometry. The concentration of solid particles on the filter is calculated here. In the discussion, individual fuels are compared according to the content of each metal.
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LIBS detection of trace elements in polymeric matrice
Kočenda, Dominik ; Kopřivová, Hana (referee) ; Krčma, František (advisor)
When recycling plastic materials, it is important to determine whether they contain concentrations of hazardous impurities, such as heavy metals, above permissible limits. This bachelor's thesis focuses on quantifying cadmium in a polymer matrix using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Samples of polypropylene and polystyrene with unknown cadmium concentrations were examined. Calibration samples for both types of polymers were prepared for quantification and then analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in an external laboratory. These results were used as calibration values for the LIBS method and also to verify the accuracy of the obtained results. Calibration curves for cadmium were created from the calibration samples, which enabled the determination of unknown cadmium concentrations in the polypropylene and polystyrene samples and the determination of the detection limit of cadmium using the LIBS method. Cadmium in the unknown samples was quantified with an average accuracy of 90 % and precision of 85 %.
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Study of the content of heavy metals in the tissues of wild animals
Stoček, Michal ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
In the Ženklava hunting ground, tissues of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and European mouflon (Ovis aries musimon) were analysed. Samples were taken from liver, kidney and muscle. The samples were digested in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide by microwave irradiation and subsequently analysed by ET-AAS techniques (Pb, Cd, Cu), F-AAS (Zn) and AMA (Hg). The concentrations found by the analysis of each element were
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Assessment of the Presence of Hazardous Components in Textile Waste
Shtukaturova, Anastasia
An up-flow percolation test was chosen to identify and characterize heavy metals and PFAS constituents in textile waste. Up-flow column percolation tests are used on a laboratory scale to assess the leaching behavior of a hazardous substance from a waste in a given state as a function of time. The test was performed according to the European Technical Standard CEN/TS 14405. Preliminary results showed the following heavy metals in the leachates Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and Sb, with Al, Cr, Fe, Mn and Zn being predominant.
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Assessment of contamination in selected locations of Valašské Meziříčí
Dunajská, Sabina ; Pavlovský, Jiří (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis deals with soil contamination caused by heavy metals in the region of Valašské Meziříčí. The metals analysed were cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, zinc. Metals were determined in 34 samples. The analyses were performed using AMA-254 and AAS methods. Contamination indices were used to assess the contaminated sites and health risks were also assessed.
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Optimizing experimental parameters for LIBS analysis of hard tissues
Fazlić, Aida ; Kuchynka,, Michaela (referee) ; Pořízka, Pavel (advisor)
Tato diplomová práce se zaměřuje na detekci a analýzu těžkých kovů, zejména olova (Pb), v tvrdých tkáních pomocí hydroxyapatitových standardů a spektroskopie laserem buzeného plazmatu (LIBS). Studie využívala různé vlnové délky laseru 1064 nm, 532 nm a 266 nm, stejně jako různé konfigurace laseru, včetně jednopulzní (SP, z angl. single-pulse) LIBS a dvojpulzní (DP, z angl. double-pulse) LIBS v ortogonálním a kolineárním uspořádání. Byla provedena optimalizace parametrů laseru, jako jsou vlnová délka, defokus, doba zpoždění, mezipulzní doba zpoždění a energie. Poměr signál-ke-šumu (SBR), limit detekce a rozlišení odpovídající průměru ablačního kráteru sloužily jako základní parametry pro určení optimální kombinace parametrů. Výsledky této studie poskytují důležité poznatky o optimálních parametrech LIBS pro detekci a analýzu těžkých kovů v tvrdých tkáních, což může mít potenciálně významné dopady pro lékařský výzkum.
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Study of the content of risk elements in river sediments of the Váh River
Držíková, Klára ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the analysis of selected heavy metals in the river sediment of the Váh River. The elements were selected based on their relatively frequent occurrence and adverse effects on humans, fauna, and flora. Also due to their ability of good accumulation and persistence in sediments. The selected elements have a chalcophile character, which plays a significant role in the occurrence of the elements at the sampling sites. The analysis of the collected sediment samples was carried out using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The highest concentration of zinc (386.58 mg/kg), followed by copper (57.67 mg/kg), lead (42.24 mg/kg), and the lowest concentration of mercury (0.332 mg/kg) was measured in the sediments. Sediments are used in agriculture and forestry to improve soil properties. Their application to soils is regulated by Slovak legislation, which sets limit values for risk elements in the concerned sediment and soil. These established limits were not exceeded in any of the sediment samples.
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