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Hydrology of small watershed 2005
Šír, Miloslav ; Lichner, Ľ. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Holko, L.
The book includes the full text of 48 scientific articles. These articles were prepared as the contributions for the Conference with international participation “Hydrology of a small basin 2011” that was held from September 14th to September 15th 2005 in Prague. The Conference was organized by the Institute of Hydrodynamics ASCR, v.v.i. in Prague; Institute of Hydrology SAS in Bratislava; the Czech Water Management Society in Prague and Czech Committee for Hydrology. The book was published by the Institute of Hydrodynamics ASCR, v.v.i. in Prague in 2005.
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Space localization and quantification of surface runoff using LOREP model
Pechanec, V. ; Cudlín, Pavel
Developed model LOREP constitutes a tool for identification and space localization of the plots with low water retention and comparison of various scenarios of proposed measurements. A structuralized catalogue of measurement to increase water retention in the landscape is an integrated part of the model. Suggested approach of computation of territorially specified surface water runoff is based on the combination of specific functions of GIS which enables to work with fuzzy sets and hydrological equations derived from Curve Number Method and from spatially distributed unit hydrogram.
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The solid depozited precipitation in the small catchments in the Czech Republic
Fišák, Jaroslav ; Tesař, Miroslav
The samples were collected in two localities differing in the industrial pollutant load. The first locality situated in the Sumava Mts. represents a relatively clean region of the Czech Republic. The second locality is situated in the Northern Bohemia. This locality is represented by the Milesovka Observatory of the IAP ASCR. The region is heavy polluted by the industrial load in this case. The one-shot sample collection in the Sumava Mts. at 28 localities was made on January 4th, 1990. There were shown: i) The ion concentrations in the rime water depend on the industrial load of the region and on the local pollutant sources; ii) The local pollutant sources play the main role in ion concentrations in rime water; iii) The ion concentrations decrease with altitude.
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Comparison of chemical composition of throughfall and deposited precipitation
Chaloupecký, Pavel ; Špičková, Jitka ; Fišák, Jaroslav ; Skřivan, Petr
Since June 2004 throughfall samples in beech and spruce vegetation have been taken at the observatory Milesovka. Ever since 1998 fog water samples have been taken there as well. In this paper are compared the concentrations of main ions and trace elements in throughfall and in deposited precipitation. The concentrations of main ions and trace elements in throughfal are primarily affected by the volume of samples. The highest concentrations of monitored sustances in throughfall were recorded in September and in October when the lowest rainfall totals were measured. The concentrations of monitored sustances were in throughfall mostly higher in spruce vegetation in comparison with beech vegetation. It is probably due to the thicker treetop in spruce vegetation on Milesovka observatory. Due to the thicker treetop a smaller volume of throughfall is let fall and the substances from ambient air are captured more effectively in comparison with beech vegetation. In the case of main ions the lowest concentrations were measured in fog water samples. For trace elements wasn´t data. From comparison with reference locality Lesni potok is obvious that concentrations of monitored sustances in throughfall on Milesovka exceed sharply concentrations in locality Lesni potok. This difference is considerably higher by spruce vegetation in comparison to beech vegetation which indicate that it is necessary take not only local air quality into account but also type of vegetation and thick of treetop which can very significantly contribute to the chemical composition of throughfall.
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Infiltration pattern changes related to the presence of soil
Votrubová, Jana ; Kosugi, K. ; Mizuyama, T.
For a period of three years, soil moisture distribution was monitored within a 50 cm × 50 cm transect on a forested hill-slope (Fudoji experimental watershed, central Japan). The site is covered by the forest brown soil (Cambisol) approx. 1 m deep underlain by weathered granite bedrock. Soil 25 moisture probes (CS615 Water Content Reflectometer, Campbell Scientific, Inc.) arranged in a 5×5 matrix spaced by 10 cm were used. The readings were collected in 5-minute intervals. The aim of the study was to assess temporal stability of the infiltration process under natural conditions.
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Occult precipitation and chemistry of a small mountainous catchment
Tesař, Miroslav ; Šír, Miloslav ; Fottová, D.
The present contribution deals with the importance of occult precipitation from the wind-driven low clouds and fogs onto the vegetation cover in the selected mountainous regions of the Czech Republic (Šumava Mts., Jizerské hory Mts. and Krkonoše – Giant Mts.). The experimental monitoring network and sample taking devices for the collecting of samples of water from fogs and low clouds are described in fully details. The attention is paid especially to the evaluation of water and pollutants amount incoming to the monitored regions via occult precipitation.
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Comparison of two models of forest transpiration
Šír, Miloslav ; Čermák, J. ; Naděždina, N. ; Naděždin, V. ; Tesař, Miroslav
Two transpiration models were tested in the paper, one is with plant control, and another without plant control. Principle of the (1) model with plant control was, that physical mechanism of transpiration is evaporation actively controlled by plants. The supposed mechanism is: part of the heat (heat equivalent of the energy absorbed from solar radiation), which would cause overheating the plant above 25 ºC is dissipated by evaporation. The model has five physical parameters, which are in principle measurable. (2) The model without plant control is based on the assumption, that transpiration dissipates a constant fraction of the heat from the heat equivalent of absorbed solar radiation (about 45 %). The model needs only one measurable physical parameter. Both models were tested by comparing their results with results actually measured daily totals of transpiration (via sap flow) in the floodplain forest Pohansko (near the town of Břeclav, southernmost Moravia), which was typical with almost non-limiting soil water supply over the period May 1 to Sept. 30, 1998. Results of both models were almost equal. We discussed their physical differences evaluating their goals and weak points and specified a program for further testing the physical mechanism of transpiration.
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Modeling water and pesticide transport in tropical soils
Pavelková, Helena ; Vogel, T.
This study was elaborated within a research project supported by the Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA). The purpose of the project is to evaluate the likelihood of leaching of pesticides to ground water in tropical soils and to compare the transport of pesticides with tracer (bromide ion). Several field and laboratory experiments were caried out on Hawaiian Islands. Data from these experiments were compared with one?dimensional model of water and solute transport. In this paper, current results of modeling water and solute transport (atrazine and bromide ion) are presented.
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