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Human Rights abuses from Non-European countries: the case of Italy and Egypt
Gaole, Christian ; Grugel, Jean (vedoucí práce) ; Schade, Daniel (oponent)
Laws, States, Embassies, Ambassadors, Europe, Middle East, and Human Rights. This multitude of concepts is the core of this thesis. Starting from a legal perspective, the author has tried to see what a state can or cannot do when its citizens suffer human rights violations, like Giulio Regeni, a PhD student who was studying the trade union movements in Egypt. International law condemns behaviour like the ones that will be explained. Still, Egypt has hidden and forbidden access to the Italian authorities, whose aim was to produce a verdict for the two Egyptian secret agents. The literature on this limitation of the state's power to claim justice is focused on what a state can or cannot do, but about Giulio Regeni, only journalists have written the truth. The findings of this work, perhaps, will be helpful for future research combining the legal papers and the interview aiming to discover first the truth and second to contribute to the academic debate in the field of human rights abuses or violations.
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Mind the Gap! A Cross-National Panel Study on the Relation Between Ideological Extremism and the Two Measures of Affective Polarisation
Endtz, Roeland Daniël Adriaan ; Torcal, Mariano (vedoucí práce) ; Schade, Daniel (oponent)
Foundational research on affective polarisation conceptualised the concept as polarised sentiments between partisan citizens (voter affective polarisation). However, later research focused on polarised sentiments towards parties (party affective polarisation). Levels of the latter tend to be higher than levels of the former, but not always to the same degree. Put differently, there exists a gap between the two measures that varies in size: the PAP-VAP gap. This paper investigates whether this gap closes as citizens become more ideologically extreme. Multi-level analysis of panel survey data from five different countries from the TRI-POL project confirms that ideological extremism negatively affects the gap between voter affective polarisation and party affective polarisation. As ideological extremism increases, voter affective polarisation is affected more strongly than party affective polarisation, thereby narrowing the gap. This effect is consistent across all countries in this study. These findings have implications for the measurement of affective polarisation, and suggest that ideological demand fuels the extension of party dislike to partisan dislike. Key words: voter affective polarisation, party affective polarisation, ideological extremism, expressive partisanship, instrumental partisanship.
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