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Management of permanent grasslands in relation to agri-environmental measures: Questions and answers
Gaisler, Jan ; Pavlů, Vilém ; Mládek, Jan ; Hejcman, Michal ; Pavlů, Lenka
This methodology simplified results from research project “Functional plant traits and their diversity as indicators of various permanent grassland management” for nature conservation authority. It is based on long term grassland experiments. There are important data for preparing of some agro-environmental provision in the practical part. This work summarises the results of long-term experiments with the different management treatments. It is intended especially for employers of administration of nature conservation, and also it can be used for students and pedagogues of secondary schools and universities concerning nature conservation.
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Effect of long-term fertilizer application on content of risk elements in grassland soil
Jungová, Michaela ; Hejcman, Michal (advisor) ; Pavlů, Vilém (referee)
The long-term Steinach Grassland Experiment is probably one of the oldest still-running fertilised grass experiments in continental Europe. The experiment was established on an alluvial meadow Alopecurus pratensis in southeastern Germany in 1933. The meadow was divided into 75 plots and fertilised with both mineral and organic fertilisers of differing compositions and amounts.
The aim of this study was to provide more detailed information about the effects of long-term fertilisation by natrium (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on the contents of risk elements in soil.
The effects of long-term fertilisation were investigated in the extracts of a) plant-available elements (extraction of CaCl2), b) easily mobilised elements (extraction of EDTA), c) potentially mobilisable elements (extraction of HNO3), the total concentration of elements (extraction of Aqua regia).
Concentrations of risk elements As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in the soil profile has increased substantially due to the phosphorus fertilisation; however, the limits for total trace elements concentration as set by the Czech legislation have been exceeded only twice, namely in the case of As and Cd. The total concentration of As (AsT) has been exceeded only once, on the plot fertilised only by nitrogen. The assumption is that that the increased level of AsT fraction in soil was probably caused in the past by fertilising with Thomas slag which is known to contain elevated concentrations of As. However, fertilising with the phosphorus-containing fertilisers has had the opposite effect on concentrations of Mn, Ni and Zn that are easily available to plants; concentrations of these elements in the soil extraction were substantially higher. In spite of the overall concentrations of Cd being lower than the Czech legislative standards, the results on several plots fertilised by mineral and organic fertilisers containing N, P and K showed higher concentrations of Cd and in one case reached the limit value. Plots fertilised by mineral fertilisers N160P44K174 (NH4)2SO4 recorded higher Cr concentrations.
In overview, it could be stated that under various types of fertilising no substantial effects of long-term fertiliser applications on a higher content of risk elements in soil has been detected. Only two plots have exceeded the limits set by Notice 13/1994 Sb., in one case it was a total concentration of As and in another one that of Cd.
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The effect of long-term fertilizers application on soil chemical properties, plant species composition and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of grasslands
Zemková, Lenka ; Pavlů, Vilém (advisor) ; Hakl, Josef (referee)
Fertilization and liming of grasslands have been used as an instrument improving hay production for centuries. For a long period of time, these practices not only sustained and increased hay yields, but also had negative effects on grassland ecosystems. Among others, they caused considerable changes in plant species composition leading in most cases to the reduction of species richness due to a lower capability of indigenous plants to compete with more productive pasture species. Furthermore these practices caused changes in soil and biomass chemical properties and shifts of soil microbial communities, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
The aim of this thesis was to analyze the responses of plant and mycorrhizal community and soil chemical properties in grassland ecosystems to long-term application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Results of this work indicate that agricultural management practices aimed at maximization of hay production may, in the long run, significantly increased hay yield, reduce plant species richness, promote grasses but suppress herbs, legumes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil although the response to phosphorus varied among different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal taxa. Long-term fertilization also significantly changed soil chemical properties and considerably reduced belowground carbon storage.
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Comparison of yield and nutritive value of einkorn, emmer and spelt produced by prehistoric technology
Habětínková, Kateřina ; Hejcman, Michal (advisor) ; Pavlů, Vilém (referee)
Triticum monococcum (einkorn wheat), Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat) are the main cereals planted by the first European farmers since 5600 B.C. Triticum spelta (spelt wheat) is planted since Roman period. The aim of the thesis is comparison of yield and nutritive value of einkorn, emmer and spelt produced by prehistoric technology. There is almost nothing known about planting wheat under prehistoric conditions. To fill this gap, an experiment on experimental field in Praha Suchdol were performed. There was used technology of broadcast seeding, with no weeding. The obtained data were used to define yield parameters (HTS, Hulled index, yield [t/ha]) and concentrations of monitored elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd a Pb), which affect nutritional value of wheat. Yields were 1.01, 1.38 and 0.99 t/ha, HTS was 27, 28.7 and 39.3 g and Hulled index was 0.71, 0.72 a 0.70 for einkorn, emmer and spelt. Results were compared between species and with other authors. The grain yields do not correspond with other authors, they are lower. Low yield and dilution effect absence caused, that concentration of minerals (especially nitrogen) were higher (30.5, 31.3 and 30.3 g/kg) than common values of mineral concentration. Surprising values were observed for Zn (39.7, 43.9 and 36.9 mg/kg). Concentrations of Zn were very low, which may be caused by poor mobility of Zn in soil, due to high pH. We observed statistically significant differences between einkorn, emmer and spelt.
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Soils in Africa as source of mineral nutrition for large herbivores
Stoklasová, Lucie ; Hejcmanová, Pavla (advisor) ; Pavlů, Vilém (referee)
Abstract
The aim of this study under the topic, Soils in Africa as source of mineral nutrition for large herbivores was to analyze soil in two reserves in Senegal. The first one was the Bandia reserve and the second one was the Fathala reserve. At these reserves a concervation program of Western Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus) is been run by Czech university of Life Sciences in Prague. The purpose of this research was to find out if these soils can be used as source of minerals for large herbivores practicing geophagy. This phenomen of deliberate ingestion of soil is well documented among wild animals and also among humans. The animals were observed eating soil in the past and in Bandia reserve artifical mineral licks are provided. They are many important factors that are considered for animals which eat soil. Three major ones that were tested include mineral concentrations, pH and clay content. Mineral concentrations were tested by the use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis, pH was tested by soil pH meter and clay content was established by particle size distribution analysis. Suitability of soil was fulfilled just in two of the factors which are clay content and pH. Mineral concentrations were found to be too low to supply animals needs. It was also proved that there is signifiant difference in soil characteristics between different habitats (dry and wet) and reserves.
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