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The development of conceptual nursing models
KLÍMOVÁ, Martina
The bachelor thesis "The Development of Conceptual Nursing Models" has a theoretical character and its aim is to analyse the approach to conceptual models from their very beginning to the present. The thesis is conceived as an analytical study followed by the elaboration of an interpretative text. The method of textual hermeneutics was used for text analysis and subsequent interpretation. The documents obtained were first collected, then analysed and subsequently interpreted. In connection with the analysis of the text, the question was asked: How have the conceptual nursing models been developed over time? The development of nursing models can be traced from the beginning of the professional nursing, dating back to the mid-19th century. Florence Nightingale is considered to be the founder of professional nursing, and although her concept was not taken as a model at first, it is believed it represents the beginning of the development of nursing models. The development of the models has been going on all the time up to the present, and the most important development took place in the 1960s. The development was also affected by the events which occurred at that time in the world, the development of medicine and last but not least, the development of nursing education and the possibility of higher education in the field of nursing. Proper use of conceptual models is important for both nurses and patients. Thanks to the models, nursing is not provided only in accordance with the biomedical model as it used to be in earlier times, but on the contrary there are efforts to use models reflecting holistic approach and humanism. The text shows that the inspiration for nursing comes from the attitude change of nurses to patients and vice versa patients to nurses, as well as the emphasis on meeting the needs of both patients and nurses. The results of the thesis should lead to deeper understanding of the importance of nursing models for nurses working in clinical practice, as well as for students preparing for the nursing profession.
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One-Semester Course Project of Selected Topics of Philosophy of Sport for English Speaking Classes
Klímová, Martina ; Parry Martínková, Irena (advisor) ; Bednář, Miloš (referee)
Návrh semestrálního kurzu vybraných témat filosofie sportu pro yýuku v anglickém jazyce Cíle práce: Diplomová práce je zaměřena na vytvoření návrhu sedmi devadesátiminutových seminářů pro zahraniční studenty Fakulty tělesné výchovy a sportu, Univerzity Karlovy, primárně pro účastníky programu Socrates. Záměrem práce je vytvořit kompletní podklady k semestrálnímu kurzu vybraných témat z filosofie sportu zpracované v anglickém jazyce. Cílem je vytvořit optimální strukturu a charakter výuky založený na aktivitě studentů, na dovednosti formulovat svůj názor a vést diskusi k tématu. Diskuse k zadaným filozofickým problémům jsou založeny na pluralitě možných pohledů. Klíčová slova: Filosofie, sport, etika, tělesné postižení, olympismus, násilí, existencialismus, východní kultura. THESIS ANNOTATION: Project of Semestral Course from Selected Topics of Philosophy of Sport for English Speaking Classes The aim ofthe thesis is to create a project ofseven ninety-minute-long seminars for foreign students at Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Charles University, primary for Socrates students. The desirable goal is to produce a basic data for a semestral course of selected topics froni Philosophy of Sport. The intention is to work out an optimum structure and character ofthe course, where the students will...
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Toxic metals in foods
Klímová, Martina ; Orsák, Matyáš (advisor) ; Hniličková, Helena (referee)
Summary
Bachelor thesis Toxic metals in food is focused on toxic metals, their description, toxicity and monitoring their content in foods. Toxic metals significantly contaminate the environment nowadays. The metals pollute the environment through burning fossil fuels, agriculture and producing and processing of metals. They occur in various forms and appear in compounds, rocks and minerals. Their toxicity for human and animals is substantial. Their toxicity is related to the form of occurrence, solubility in water and in organic solvents and their mobility in body and water. Toxic metals bind on SH group of proteins and work as an enzyme poisons. The most toxic effect was found in cadmium, but also other metals have significant toxic effect. Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic have carcinogenic effects and cause malignant tumour. Mercury and above mentioned have mutagenic and teratogenic effects. Significant contamination of the environment and food can lead to poisoning, which is expressed by various symptoms.
Toxic metals are absorbed especially by inhalation and consumption of contaminated food. Agriculture crops are polluted from contaminated soil, water and using of fertilizers and pesticides. To meat and animal products, toxic metals come mainly from contaminated plants, which animals eat. Meat products can be polluted by incorrect technological procedure. In general are toxic metals cumulated by organisms in tissues, especially in kidneys and liver. Animals living in polluted area have a lot of these metals in their tissues. With its increasing age, cattle more accumulate toxic metals in its tissues, therefore maximum recommended age of slaughter is 3 years. Serious problem is high amount of mercury in fish, especially in the sea fish. The larger and more carnivorous the fish is, the more they cumulate mercury and the other metals. Especially in the contaminated sea, mainly polluted sea from oil, fish have more metals in tissues. Across the European Union, there were currently set strict limits on the contents of metals in food. Some limits were updated and added by the last findings last year. Keeping these limits is regularly checked.
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