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Regulation of intracellular calcium levels as tool to control NK cell cytotoxicity.
Graman, Vojtěch ; Frič, Jan (advisor) ; Šimíček, Michal (referee)
NK cells, a subset of innate lymphoid cells, play a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating virally infected or cancerous cells, making them a promising cell-based immunotherapy for AML patients. However, NK cell-based immunotherapies face unforeseen efficacy problems. Intracellular Ca2+ signalling was shown to play a crucial part in NK cell cytotoxicity. Maintaining the intricate balance of intracellular Ca2+ signalling is vital for NK cell-mediated target cell killing. In the complex microenvironment of the patient's body, NK cells encounter various stimuli, which can potentially disrupt the balance of intracellular Ca2+ signalling. Stimulation of PRRs was shown to affect intracellular Ca2+ , further influencing overall NK cell cytotoxicity. This study investigated the impact of TLR stimulation on Ca2+ signalling and NK cell functions. The effect of TLR stimulation was assessed using Ca2+ influx measurement, functional cytotoxicity, and degranulation assay, as well as gene expression analysis. Exposure to TLR ligands resulted in elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels, accompanied by a reduction of cytotoxic activity at low effector-to-target ratios. An increasing trend in degranulation was observed. Furthermore, gene expression analysis unveiled upregulation of NFAT and Orai1 in NK cells...
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Significance of the major histocompatibility complex for hemopoietic stem cell transplantation
Graman, Vojtěch ; Slavčev, Antonij (advisor) ; Dobeš, Jan (referee)
The genes of the major histocompatibility complex are located on the short arm of chromosome 6 and encode surface glycoproteins (HLA glycoproteins), which ensure the presentation of self and foreign peptides on the cell surface. These glycoproteins are subsequently recognized by T-lymphocytes and by other cells of the immune system. When the HLA-peptide complex is recognized as foreign, T-lymphocytes and other components of the immune system are activated, and the foreign cell is destroyed. Therefore, in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), HLA incompatibility between donor and recipient causes a strong immune response against the transplanted cells, and is therefore a major criterion in selecting suitable stem cell donors. This work briefly summarizes the current knowledge about the structure and function of HLA class I and class II antigens. The work focuses on HLA typing techniques to help understand the HLA system, which include serological typing methods, as well as modern molecular typing methods based on PCR and next-generation sequencing, and their relevance for HSCT. We also focus on HSCT processes and preparatory therapy, but the main emphasis is on the importance of HLA incompatibilities between stem cell recipients and donors and their effect on HSCT outcome.
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