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The role of orexins in food intake and chosen pathological phenomena
Zelená, Anna ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Balounová, Kateřina (referee)
Orexins are neuropeptides produced in the lateral hypothalamus in the brain and peripheral organs. These neuropeptides are essential in regulating arousal and energy balance. They also participate in the reward system and secure water homeostasis. Orexins bind to the orexin receptors differently expressed in various tissues. The binding of orexins to their receptors couples with downstream signalling pathways, e.g., Ca2+ , diacylglycerol and protein kinase C pathways. Low concentration of adenosine triphosphate leads to the inactivation of orexin-expressing neurons and the reduction of energy expenditure. On the contrary, high intracellular concertation of adenosine triphosphate activates energy expenditure. Food intake is regulated by orexins and glucose, sirtuin 1, forkhead box transcription factor 2, and leptin. This thesis aims to find connections between the role of orexins in regulating food intake and the development of some pathological phenomena, e.g., hypertension, obesity, and anorexia nervosa. Keywords orexin, obesity, anorexia nervosa, glucose, insulin, stress
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Circadian regulation of digestive system function and its disturbances due to external factors
Běloušková, Klára ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Balounová, Kateřina (referee)
Circadian clocks regulate the behavior of cells in living organisms in 24hour periods. They react to environmental influences and, by synchronizing with them, ensure optimal cell function and the overall health of the organism. Biological clocks in the gastrointestinal tract and their functions can be influenced by several factors, including the timing of food intake or the influence of the microbiome. The correct timing of food intake can be essential in maintaining the functional physiology of the organism as well as the appropriate composition of the gut microbiome. Disruption of the synchronization between these factors and the biological clock in the gastrointestinal tract leads to disharmony of the organism, its improper function and the development of disease. The timing of food intake and the cultivation of an appropriate microbiome is critical to maintaining optimal health and should not be neglected by the public.
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Myths in teaching psychology in high schools from students´ point of view
BALOUNOVÁ, Kateřina
This thesis examines the myths that appear in the teaching of psychology in high school from the perspective of students. The theoretical part is focused on the definition of the terms didactics, didactics of psychology, the goals of teaching, specific goals of teaching psychology, the concept of teaching psychology in secondary education and its specifics. Furthermore, it also deals with psychological myths and their sources and in the last section, selected myths that appear in the research questionnaire of this thesis are described and explained in more detail. The practical section then sets out the aims of the thesis and the research hypotheses. A modified questionnaire is presented, which was able to collect data from 193 respondents. The practical part also presents the research studies with which the results of this research are compared. The results of the research revealed that the success rate of psychological myths disclosure of the students of the selected high school is 39.9% and the rate of psychological myths disclosure is 45.4%. Consequently, the success rate of the answers of the Slovak study students and the students at the vocational high school did not differ. Furthermore, the results showed that students who are involved in psychology outside school do not have a higher success rate in detecting psychological myths than students who are not involved in it. The research also showed that the success rate of the responses of the male and female participants also did not differ. Lastly, the questionnaire provided responses on how students at the high school in question rated the teaching of psychology. Thus, we can say that students, of this particular school are not really able to recognize some of the myths presented, which leads to room for improving the quality of teaching in this school.
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Possibilities of leisure activities in crime prevention for teenagers
BALOUNOVÁ, Kateřina
Children and youth nowadays split into two groups. Individuals in the first group are characterized by their daily schedule planned in detail. Every day after school they take part in leisure activities. Parents fill every moment of their children's spare time with an activity. They are worried about their children becoming involved in unsafe activities. On the other hand, there is the second group of children, whose parents don't organize children's spare time at all due to lack of time or no interest in doing so. If the leisure time of children and youth isn't adequately filled, they could be led astray, they may start wandering around the streets with their peers, be bored and try harmful activities. This could later result in drug abuse, pilferage, vandalism, truancy etc. In this context, following questions might arise: Is there a way how to prevent it? Do non-profit organizations have a good alternative for these children in offering leisure time activities?
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CIrcadian regulation of miRNA and clock-controlled genes in tumorigenesis
Balounová, Kateřina ; Pácha, Jiří (advisor) ; Bendová, Zdeňka (referee)
The circadian clock generates circadian rhythms, which participate on regulation of a number of signalling pathways. Disruption of the circadian regulatory mechanism is linked to a development and a progression of certain types of cancer including colorectal tumorigenesis. Progression of tumorigenesis depends on the cell cycle machinery related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. MiRNAs play a role in initiation and progression of tumorigenesis because they interfere in regulatory pathways associated with tumorigenesis. The aim of the thesis was to determinate existence of circadian rhytms in clock controlled genes (Tef, Dbp), miRNAs (miR-1-3p, miR-16-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-192-3p) and genes of the cell cycle machinery (Ccnd1, Ccne1, Ccna1, Ccnb1) and apoptosis (Casp3, Bcl2, Bad). Further, to compare detected circadian rhythms during aging and neoplastic transformation of colon by quantitative RT-PCR. We have observed circadian expression of Tef, Dbp, Ccne1, Ccna1, Ccnb1, Casp3 and Bcl2 in young mice colon, Tef, Dbp, miR-1-3p, Ccne1, Ccna1 in old mice colon and Tef and Dbp in colorectal tumors. In summary, circadian expression of clock controlled genes varied but was maintained in mice colorectal tumors. In aging we demonstrated weakening of circadian rhythms of the genes of the cell...
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Role of microRNA in regulations of circadian rhythms and tumorigenesis
Balounová, Kateřina ; Pácha, Jiří (advisor) ; Červená, Kateřina (referee)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22nt long single-strand RNA found in all groups of organisms, where they affect biochemical, physiological and behavioral pathways by regulation of protein expression. Regulation of protein expression is mediated by silencing mRNA of target genes in one of two processes, translation repression or degradation of mRNA. Changed expression of miRNA can lead to aberrant regulatory pathways resulting in various pathophysiological conditions like cardiovascular diseases, cancer or neurological disorders. MiRNA can play a role in cancer both as an oncogen or as a tumor suppressor, and it is tissue and cancer-type specific. In colorectal cancer miRNAs downregulate or upregulate signaling pathways including key processes involved in cancer development, like proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metastasis formation. Circadian clock in mammals synchronizes cellular and physiological processes by transcriptional-translational feedback loops. Not only miRNAs regulate the levels of key clock genes and clock controlled genes, but also a number of miRNAs exhibit circadian expression. Therefore aberrant circadian rhythms increase risk of colorectal cancer also by altered expression of miRNAs. The main aim of the thesis was to identify miRNAs, which regulate both tumorigenesis and circadian...
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The figure drawing and people with Alzheimer's disease
BALOUNOVÁ, Kateřina
The bachelor thesis deals with the typical characters of a figure drawing of people with Alzheimer's disease. The theoretical part deals with the aging in general, and with the changes that occur in older age. Furthermore, the work deals with dementia as one of the most common roots of Alzheimer's disease, which is described and studied in greater detail. The work describes its general characteristics, causes, occurrence and with the changes in the brain caused by the disease. Moreover, it also defines the stages and the main characters of the illness. The work looks briefly at the drawing and its development, a figure drawing and colours in drawing. The practical part of the bachelor thesis is devoted to the analysis of the signs in 26 drawings drawn by seniors with Alzheimer's disease and compares them with the drawings created by non-diagnosed persons over 65. These characters are also divided into the groups according to the Mini-Mental State Examination test. The drawings created by the informants are attached to the study
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