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The e number in school mathematics
Píšová, Vendula ; Halas, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Bečvář, Jindřich (referee)
This bachelor thesis shows various examples of applications of the Euler number in school mathematics. Also, it introduces logarithm as a computational tool, it deals with logarithmic tables and importance of the natural logarithm, both historically and mathematically. Special emphasis is put on the connection between the hyperbola and the natural logarithm. Furthermore, the thesis deals with various ways of defi ning the number e and its approximations (e.g., as a sum of a sequence or as a continued fraction). A few examples illustrating the importance of the number e for various areas of mathematics are presented. Finally, the thesis presents some important properties of the Euler number. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Platonic and Archimedean solids and their properties in teaching of mathematics at secondary schools
Dohnalová, Eva ; Robová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
Title: Platonic and Archimedean solids and their properties in teaching of mathematics at secondary schools Author: Eva Dohnalová Department: Department of Didactics of Mathematics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jarmila Robová, CSc. Abstract: This work is an extension of my bachelor work and it is intended for all people interested in regular and semiregular polyhedra geometry. It is a comprehensive text which summarizes brief history, description and classification of regular and semiregular polyhedra. The work contains proofs of Descartes' and Euler's theorems and proofs about number of regular and semiregular polyhedra. It can be also used as a didactic aid in the instruction of regular and semiregular solids at secondary schools. This text is supplemented by illustrative pictures made in GeoGebra and Cabri3D. Keywords: Regular polyhedra, platonic solids, Platon, semiregular polyhedra, Archimedean solids, Archimedes, dulaism, Descartes' theorem, Euler's theorem.
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The beginnings of probability theory
Marcinčín, Martin ; Staněk, Jakub (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is to give a summary of historical development and explain fundamentals of the probability theory. Early systematic thoughts, emergence of classical Laplace, geometric and statistical definition of probability with development of theory, independence, conditional probability and Bayes theorem are shown. The thesis describes first mentions of random values and the central limit theorem. The alternative, discrete uniform, binomial, Poisson, continuous uniform, normal and exponential distributions are discussed with historical background of their discoveries. The theory is supplemented with illustrative and contemporary examples. The thesis describes development in various fields of probability until publication of the Kolmogorov's probability theory in 1933. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Volume of Pyramid
Vaňkát, Milan ; Halas, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Bečvář, Jindřich (referee)
Title: Volume of Pyramid Author: Bc. Milan Vaňkát Department: Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: Mgr. Zdeněk Halas, DiS., Ph.D. Abstract: The subject of this thesis is Hilbert's third problem. In the first chapter we follow it's roots back to Euclid's Elements. We focus in particular on the theorem that triangular pyramids of equal altitudes are to each other as their bases. We also discuss analogous statements for triangles, parallelograms and parallelepipeds. We point out the way in which the issues of content and volume of geometrical figures were approached in Greek mathematics. In the second chapter we present the historical background of Hilbert's third problem. We outline the development of methods of it's solution - from M. Dehn's first answer in 1901 to the abstract definition of Dehn invariants as a R ⊗Z Rπ- valued functional on the polyhedral group that was introduced by B. Jessen in 1968. Later we construct Dehn invariants and present a thorough solution to the Hilbert's third problem. In the end we sketch out mathematical issues connected to this problem that have been studied in the second half of 20th century. An illustrative high school exercise on derivation of the volume formula for py- ramid by Eudoxus's method of exhaustion is included in the appendix. Keywords: pyramid, volume,...
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The mathematical theory of juggling
Zamboj, Michal ; Slavík, Antonín (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
Title: The mathematical theory of juggling Author: Bc. Michal Zamboj Department: Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: RNDr. Antonín Slavík, Ph.D. Abstract: This diploma thesis extends the bachelor thesis of the same name. It deals with the graphic representation of juggling sequences by the cyclic diagram. Using the Burnside theorem and cyclic diagrams, we calculate the number of all genera- tors of juggling sequences. The relation between juggling and the theory of braids is described as well. The mathematical model of inside and outside throws is made from an empirical observation of trajectories of balls. Braids of juggling sequences and their attributes are provided using a real model of ladder. A sketch of the proof of the theorem that any braid is juggleable is given as well.
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Regular polyhedra and their properties
Pavlovičová, Eva ; Robová, Jarmila (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
This work is intended for all people from the general public especially for all people interested in regular polyhedra geometry. The work can be also used as didactic aid by education of regular polyhedra. It is an comprehensive text which summarizes description, history, classification of this five regular polyhedra. We will also focus on their properties and occurence. Basic calculations of surfaces, volumes and radii of the circles circumscribed and inscribed are in the work too. The text is supplemented with illustrative pictures made in GeoGebra and Cabri3D. Some chapters are supplemented with photos.
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Tiling problems in combinatorics
Dvořáková, Tereza ; Slavík, Antonín (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
The thesis represents a collection of solved problems concerned with covering planar shapes (mostly rectangles with integer sides) by tiles known as polyominoes (e.g., domi- noes, trominoes, tetrominoes, etc.). In most cases, the goal is to find a tiling or to prove that no such tiling exists. In more difficult problems, the task is to deduce conditions for the rectangle to be tileable by specified polyominoes. The last chapter is devoted to calcu- lating the number of all possible tilings of the specified rectangle.
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Goniometry in Ptolemy's Almagest
Kušnír, Martin ; Halas, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Bečvář, Jindřich (referee)
The main focus of this bachelor thesis are the beginnings of goniometry in ancient Greece, mainly in the book Almagest from Claudius Ptolemy. We describe a predecessor of modern goniometric function - the length of a chord in a circle and it's similarity to the modern goniometric function sine. In the first part we focus on computing the table of chords. In the thesis the process of computing the table of chords is unchanged from the original in Almagest, it is only translated into a modern mathematical language. We present description of the Heron's algorithm for computing square roots and discuss the accuracy of the table of chords. In the second part we show the usage of the table of chords in astronomical calculations. Our work is based on how Ptolemy viewed the solar system and the movements of heavenly bodies. Keywords: goniometry, Ptolemy, Almagest, chord, sine
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Theory of Numbers in Ancient Greece
Smrčka, Zdeněk ; Bečvář, Jindřich (advisor) ; Halas, Zdeněk (referee)
Title: Theory of Numbers in Ancient Greece Author: Bc. Zdenek Smrcka Department: The Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jindřich Bečvář, CSc. Abstract: The goal of this thesis is to write up clearly and comprehensibly numeric theoretical research and its results in Ancient Greece between 6 century before Christ and 4 century after Christ. In this thesis we try show examples use of Greece's Mathematics for improvement teaching in education and better understanding abstract thinking in Mathematics. We want so that students understand thinking and abilities Greece's mathematicians. We compare high school view on searching greatest common divisor and Euclidean algorithm. We present important Greece's knowledges as sieve of Eratosthenes, arithmetic of Diofantos etc.. Something of Greece's knowledges as Euclidean algorithm, sieve of Eratosthenes etc. are use of up to now. Keywords: Mathematics in Ancient Greece, figurate number, theory of numbers, Continual fraction, Euclidean algorithm
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