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Synthetic Jet Characteristic Velocity Estimated nn The Basis of Momentum Flux Measurement
Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk
The paper compares two methods of evaluation of synthetic jet characteristic velocity. The first method of the characteristic velocity estimation is based on a simple measurement of the synthetic jet momentum flux (the jet thrust) by means of precision scales. The second method is a standard one, it is based on spatial-temporal integration of the velocity profile at the synthetic jet actuator nozzle exit. The velocity profile was obtained here using hotwire measurements in air. Comparison of the methods is based on dimensionless stroke length of the synthetic jet. It is confirmed that the results of both methods are nearly the same for higher dimensionless stroke length. On the other hand, if the jet regime approaches to the synthetic jet criterion threshold (i.e. to the dimensionless stroke length of 0.5) the results of both methods diverge. Using the current results a correction is suggested for the momentum-flux-based method to match the standard one.
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Analysis of non-harmonic excitation of synthetic jet actuators
Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk
Axisymmetric synthetic jet actuator based on a loudspeaker was tested experimentally. The actuator was driven by a voltage waveform, whose shape was derived from a pulse-width modulated signal. While the duty cycle and frequency of the excitation signal were varied the outlet velocities were measured by a hot-wire probe. Integral quantities such as characteristic velocity, momentum flux, and kinetic energy flux were evaluated from the outlet velocities. Their maxima were located as functions of frequency and the duty cycle. The found maximal values were compared with results obtained for harmonic excitation. The highest improvement (about 18%) was achieved for kinetic energy flux.
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Methodology for evaluation of the gear windage loss and thermal load of a tooth
Bauer, Petr ; Bartoš, Ondřej ; Hrubý, Jan ; Kordík, Jozef ; Krátký, Tomáš ; Sedlář, Milan
This report contains results of experiments identifying thermo-physical properties of a gearbox oil mist. The main part of the report studies a dependency of a gear wheel windage power loss on the radial and axial gap between the wheel and its enclosure. This parametric study relies primarily on the results coming from numerical simulations (CFD analysis). For the default enclosure configuration the evaluated power dissipation is compared with the values obtained using theoretical relationships. The theory is based on one-dimensional turbulent velocity profiles over smooth and rough surfaces. A summary of the theoretical analysis and the derivations are also included in the report.\nThe influence of a tooth shape on the windage power loss is also studied using the numerical simulations. A change of a tooth top surface angle is technologically easily realizable adjustment, and can have a positive effect on the power loss reduction. In the report there are performed simulations for varying angles of this surface and the expected improvements in aerodynamic properties are confirmed.\nThe last part of the report contains the formulation of boundary conditions for numerical evaluation of gear wheel heat balance. This information is documented more in detail in related research reports.\n
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Generalization of the methodology for evaluation of the gear windage loss
Bauer, Petr ; Kordík, Jozef ; Krátký, Tomáš ; Sedlář, Milan
The first part of the report proposes a methodology for gear windage loss evaluation using CFD analysis. The methodology includes simplification of gearbox complex geometry and the toothed wheel and pinion are replaced by a rough-walled disks with additional braking volume forces. The values of volume forces were determined using auxiliary computations with a real gear geometry (a gear segment with periodical boundary conditions). The computations included configuration of the gear wheel meshing with the pinion, while distance of wheel enclosure was a variable parameter (the case without enclosure was tested as well). The cases without pinion were computed too, they were compared with earlier results obtained with the gear segment geometry.\nThe second part of the report contains a revision of the earlier proposed analytical approach. The approach can serve for approximate gear windage loss evaluation and its idea dwells in smooth connection of logarithmic velocity profiles. The gear windage loss values obtained from the analytical approach were compared with the results based on CFD analysis. A good agreement between both methods was concluded.\n
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Comparison of synthetic jet actuators based on sharp-edged and round-edged nozzles
Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk
Axisymmetric synthetic jet actuators based on a loudspeaker and on two types of flanged nozzles were tested and compared experimentally. The first type of the nozzle was a sharp-edged circular hole. The second one had a special design with fillets at inner and outer nozzle exit and with a small step in the middle of the nozzle. The function of the step was to prevent the flow reattachment during the extrusion stroke. The actuators with the two types of nozzles were operated at resonance and were compared first qualitatively using a simple phase locked flow visualization. Then the hot-wire anemometer was used to measure velocity \ndistributions along nozzle axis and velocity profiles at the nozzle exit. Comparison of the nozzles was based on evaluation of the characteristic velocity and integral quantities (volumetric, momentum, and kinetic energy fluxes). It was found out that these quantities, which were evaluated at the nozzle exit, differ substantially for both nozzles. On the other hand the velocity flow field in farther distances from the nozzle exit area did not exhibit such prominent differences.
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Maximization of integral outlet quantities of an axisymmetric synthetic jet actuator based on a loudspeaker
Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk
The goal of this paper is to find an optimal nozzle size of an axisymmetric synthetic jet actuator based on a loudspeaker. The desirable maximized output quantities are: volumetric flow, momentum flux, and kinetic energy flux. To evaluate these quantities velocity profiles were measured using a hot-wire probe at the actuator nozzle exit. Six different nozzle diameters and three supplied real power levels were tested to find the maxima of the quantities. The actuator operated always at resonance during experiments. It was found out that the momentum flux and the kinetic energy flux reach distinguishable local maxima at particular diameters of the nozzle. Besides, the maxima of the particular quantities do not coincide and the best nozzle size slightly increases with the supplied real power to the actuator.
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A new method for fluid input into a hybrid synthetic jet actuator
Kordík, Jozef ; Trávníček, Zdeněk ; Tesař, Václav
A new principle of flow rectification for hybrid synthetic jet actuators is introduced in this paper. As is well known, the flow rectification can be best accomplished by means of fluidic diodes. Novelty of the present study are fluidic diodes with two mutually opposed nozzles. Interaction between the periodic jet flows from the nozzles causes a difference between the blowing and suction strokes, resulting in a particularly efficient rectification effect. The distance between the nozzle exits as well as the oscillation frequency were the parameters, which were varied during hot-wire measurements. The combination of those parameters achieving the highest volumetric efficiency was identified.
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Large-amplitude pulsatile nozzle flow
Tesař, Václav ; Kordík, Jozef
Flowfield inside a simply-shaped nozzle with periodic unsteadiness of so large amplitude that a flow reversal occurs during a part of the cycle was investigated. The range of frequencies was from 20 Hz to 320 Hz, and ratios of the pulsation amplitude to the steady flow were from 1.0 to 4.0. Anemometric velocity measurements were combined with numerical flowfield computations.
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