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Vliv objemného krmiva na mléčnou produkci vysokoužitkových dojnic
HOMOLKOVÁ, Kateřina
The diploma thesis dealt with the relationship between milk yield and roughage in the ration of high yielding dairy cows. The aim of the thesis was to analyse the changes in milk yield and levels of selected milk components in relation to changes in the representation of individual roughages in the ration in the studied enterprise VOD Velký Bor. The theoretical part is devoted to the problem of dairy cow nutrition, where individual elements of the ration are discussed in individual chapters together with factors affecting the overall efficiency of nutrition. The conclusion of the first chapter is devoted to feeding technique and separate ration, where possible methods of feeding dairy cows are discussed. The second chapter was devoted to separate feeds, describing the distribution of individual feeds, processing methods and the methods used to assess the ability of feeds to meet the nutritional requirements of the animals. In the practical part, the results from the selected farm were analysed, including the average milk yield with milk components for each year and the relationship of their values with the changes in the feed ration was evaluated. The components studied included milk fat content, milk protein content and milk lactose. In the period under review, the most frequent reason for variation was the change in the proportion of straw in the ration, which affected milk yields, for example in 2022 when the difference between the average and the lowest milk yield was 1,95 litres/head/day. For the change in the level of ingredients, the reversal of the proportion of stale clover silage and maize in the ration in 2021 was significant. This change was mainly reflected in the protein content, where the level dropped from an average of 3,99 g.kg-1 to 3,47 g.kg-1. The paper also concludes with recommendations for practice on the issue of ration composition leading to milk yield and milk composition reaching parameters for proper monetization in the dairy industry.
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Mléčný tuk a jeho využití v potravinářských technologiích
Nejedlíková, Martina
This bachelor thesis deals with milk fat and its use in dairy technology. The composition of milk is summarized and the knowledge regarding milk fat, its structure and properties is presented in details. Part of the thesis is devoted to methods of treatment and fractionation of milk fat. The findings regarding the studies of the antibacterial activity of lactose monolaurate ester (LML) and lactose monodecanoate (LMD) in milk at different temperatures and fat contents are summarized. Furthermore, the research trend of using milk fat in 3D food printing is presented, which offers new opportunities in the field of food design and customization. Overall, milk fat has significant applications in dairy technology and research trends in its use provide exciting opportunities for the development of the food industry.
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Mastné kyseliny v ovčím mléce
Horáková, Klára
The bachelor's thesis discusses the contents of fatty acids in sheep's milk as well as their domestication, tracking their numbers in the Czech Republic and the composition of sheep's milk. Furthermore, fatty acids and their content in sheeps milk and factors influencing their concentration are defined here. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the contents and composition of fatty acids in sheep's milk according to available information from both technical and scientific literature. The work is divided into two main parts. The first part discusses the developments in sheep breeding in our country, the composition of sheep's milk and fatty acids and their representation in sheep's milk. The final part of the bachelor's thesis is dedicated to individual studies concerning sheep's milk and its fatty acid content.
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Zhodnocení vybraných ukazatelů složení mléka v průběhu laktace u ovcí plemene cigája
Bartoň, Petr
This master’s thesis evaluates selected indicators of the quality of sheep milk and its components. The sheep of the selected Tsigai breed are bred in the northern part of Zapadni Tatry in Slovakia. As a part of the thesis pool samples of sheep milk were collected at periodic intervals. The pool samples were collected on the average 45th, 75th, 105th, 135th, 165th, 195th, and 225th day of the lactation period. A group of Improved Wallachian breed sheep was added to the experiment for comparison. The milk of the Tsigai breed contained on average 20.03 % of dry matter, 8.14 % of milk fat, 6.38 % of proteins, 4.70 % of lactose, and 63.86 mg/100 ml of urea. The following physicochemical traits were assessed: active acidity, titratable acidity, and a freezing point of the milk. The average value of active acidity was 6.55, of titratable acidity 9.2 °SH, and of the freezing point -0,576 °C. The last sample surprisingly contained a low amount of lactose, however, the most surprising finding was an extremely low amount of somatic cell count at the end of the lactation period. Ascertained correlations correspond with the available papers and do not differ significantly. The acquired results for the Tsigai breed are comparable with the comparison breed of Improved Wallachian.
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Výskyt ketóz ve vybraném chovu dojených krav v letech 2020-2022
ŠTĚCHOVÁ, Petra
Ketosis is a disorder of energy metabolism characterised by reduced milk yield, inappetence and weight loss. Ketosis also affects milk composition. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the incidence of ketosis in a selected dairy cow herd. The incidence of ketosis was evaluated in lactating Holstein cows over a period of three years (2020-2022) in the dairy farm in Žákava. Ketosis was detected on the basis of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) content in the blood of the cows using the FreeStyle Optium NEO device. A BHB value of 1.0 mmol/l or higher was considered as an individual affected by ketosis. A total of 1740 dairy cows were included in the study. Ketosis ocurred at a relatively stable level of 20 %. There were fluctuations in the frequency of ketosis across seasons, as well as fluctuations in the average blood BHB content. The effect of the treatment procedure and the effect of prevention on the incidence of ketosis were also investigated. The treatment success rate was 80.41 % for the study period. Treatment with monopropylene glycol and prodigestane was largely successful. Intravenous glucose administration had a slightly lower success rate. Preventive measures had a positive effect on both the frequency of ketosis and the average blood BHB content. In addition, the presence of ketones bodies in milk, the relation of ketone bodies in blood to ketone bodies in milk and the effect of elevated blood BHB on milk composition were determined according to performance monitoring protocols. Both acetone and BHB contents were increased in milk from sick cows. The levels of ketone bodies in milk are positively correlated with the level of BHB in blood. Increased blood BHB content results in a change of content of individual milk components. The highest difference was found in the fat content, an increase of 4,89 %. Further, the citric acid content increased with the BHB content of the blood and the protein, lactose, non-fat dry matter and urea content decrease.
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The evaluation of milk quality parameters in selected farm
JANŮ, Vladimír
The aim of this study was to evaluate milk production and quality of raw cow milk on a selected farm. Pool and individual milk samples were evaluated. The analysis of pool milk samples was done based on the data provided from the selected farm. Data on quality parameters for individual milk samples were obtained from laboratory examination of the collected samples. From the pool samples, the effect of year and calendar month was found to be statistically significant for the values of somatic cell count, total number of microorganisms, freezing point, fat content, protein content, non-fat dry matter and lactose and pH of milk. In the individual milk samples, the protein content and citric acid content of the milk were found to be higher than the normal milk content. Of the fatty acid content of milk fat, the highest saturated fatty acid content was found.
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Some factors affecting milk somatic cell count
ŠPIKLOVÁ, Hana
The aim of this thesis was to compare somatic cells count (SCC) in milk depending on certain factors (month, milk system, lactation). Besides of SCC, also other parameters of milk quality were monitored. Milk sampling took place for 11 weeks in 2017 and samples were taken from 15 milked cows of the Czech Simmental breed. During the milk sampling were used two different parameters of pulsation. Pulsation adjustment significantly shortened the time of milking from 7,34 minutes in average to 6,19 minutes in average (P<0,001). After pulsation adjustment the SCC decreased from 188,000/ml to 154,000/ml as well, however, differences were not statistically significant. Concerning other factors the SCC was mostly affected by the number of lactation (P<0.01), primiparous cows had significantly lower values of the SCC (45,000/ml) that multiparous cows (237,000/ml).
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Hygienická kvalita mléka
Holá, Kateřina
This work deals with the hygienic quality of milk, the possibilities of its influence in the barn in the process of breeding and in its acquisition. The theoretical part describes in detail the various components of milk, such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and focuses on hy-giene of the milk before and after milking. There is also described heat treatment of milk, including cattle diseases that affect milk production. In the practical part evaluates the qual-ity of the milk sold in selected farm. Starting from the results of laboratory analyzes of milk, which are assessed according to the season and the state of health of dairy cows.
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Vliv změny kondice dojnic českého strakatého plemene skotu na jejich mléčnou užitkovost
Maňoušková, Iveta
This diploma thesis was made to evaluate the influence of body condition change in Czech Fleckvieh cattle to their milk production in one-year monitoring of 214 dairy cows. Their body condition was individually valued with 5-point system named Body Condition Scoring (BCS) with accuracy to 0,5 point. Body condition of these dairy cows was written down between 1 up to 2 months before calving and then between 40 up to 70 days after calving. The change in body condition between these two terms was subsequently evaluated to milk yield and the composition of milk. There was also evaluated the influence of body condition change to phase of lactation, parity and somatic cell count. Relationship between body condition change and milk yield was highly positive. Relationship between body condition change and the amount of milk fat, milk protein, fat to protein ratio, phase of lactation and somatic cell count was not proved.
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Produkce a složení kozího mléka
Baďurová, Tamara
In my bachelor thesis, firstly I focused on the importance of goat breeding and reasons why we breed goats. In a few sentences I processed what diferences are between cow milk and goat milk in their quality and composition. The biggest part of my bachelor thesis include factors which influence quality of milk. Quality of milk is related to compositions of milk and milk yield. I focused especially on factors which influence content of fat, protein, lactose, mineral substances, vitamins, microorganisms, somatic cell and residues of the inhibitory substances. In the second part I focused on factors which influence milk yield of goats. Among these factors belongs lactation stage, order of lactation, time and rightness of milking, frequency of milking, pregnancy stage, number of born babies, weather, stress factors, udder size, body framework, live weight, nutrition, breeding method, hormones, breed, individuality, lokomotion, rut cycle, age and health condition. In conclusion in a few sentences I devised how and when take the control sample of goat milk, how to determine the milk yield and laboratory let to determine selected compositions of milk such as fat, protein, lactose, somatic cell and microorganisms.
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