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Sperm DNA damage: detection methods used in clinical practice
Tušlová, Magdaléna ; Postlerová, Pavla (advisor) ; Koubek, Pavel (referee)
The current routine semen analysis, known as a spermiogram, is not able to provide a complete picture of male fertility as it does not routinely include an assessment of DNA integrity. This parameter is closely related to difficulties during conception and increased risk of miscarriage. This paper discusses the causes of sperm DNA damage, the detection of this damage by various methods and concludes with a discussion of the possibilities of incorporating these tests into clinical practice to improve the assessment and treatment of male fertility. Mechanisms of sperm DNA fragmentation include impaired spermatogenesis, oxidative stress and impaired apoptosis, which can be influenced by genetic, anatomical and external factors. The main part of this thesis was devoted to a review of methods for the detection of sperm DNA fragmentation, including sperm chromatin structure analysis (SCSA), sperm chromatin dispersion test (SCD), TUNEL method, single-strand DNA break recognition test (ISNT), comet assay and chromatin staining. Although some of these methods are frequently used, challenges remain in their standardization and full integration into clinical practice. However, the possibility of their routine use could bring significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Among the...
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Competencies of pediatric nurses in clinical practice
PEŠLOVÁ, Klára
The bachelor's thesis aims to map the perspective of paediatric nurses on their competencies in clinical practice. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the concepts of competency and competency in nursing, the characteristics of the personality and education of the paediatric's nurse, the professional nursing activities of the paediatric's nurses based on their competencies and the application of the paediatric's nurses in clinical practice. The practical part is prepared by qualitative research method and analyses data obtained from 10 semi-structured interviews with selected paediatric nurses working in paediatric, neonatal and neonatology wards.
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Kultúrne kompetentná starostlivosť v dvadsiatom prvom storočí
ČERVENÝ, Martin
The issue of providing nursing care for patients from another culture is a hot topic. The rapidly changing sociodemographic makeup of the population brings many benefits and cultural challenges to clinical nursing. However, many cultural challenges can be navigated by developing cultural competence among nurses. The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate, analyse and compare nurses' cultural competence levels in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland. Another aim is to discover the cultural challenges encountered when treating patients from other cultures in these countries. The standardized Cultural Competence Assessment instrument and a non-standardized questionnaire examining cultural challenges in nursing clinical practice were used for data collection, both of which were administered online. Data collection was conducted in four countries. SASD 1.5.8 and IBM SPSS ver. 28 were utilized for data processing. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Chi-square test, test of Independence and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to verify the correlation between variables. The research sample consisted of a total of 766 nurses from selected countries. A total of 202 nurses from the Czech Republic, 222 from Slovakia, 124 from Hungary, and 218 from Poland participated in the study. The results of the study show that the most dominant cultural challenge in the clinical practice of nurses in the selected countries is the language barrier. Evaluation of cultural competencies showed that the majority of nurses in the selected countries consider themselves culturally competent. Female nurses from the selected states exhibit a higher level of cultural competencies than their male counterparts. The nursing position also influences the level of cultural competence. It was found that Slovakian, Czech, and Polish charge nurses demonstrate higher scores in the area of cultural awareness and sensitivity. Conversely, Slovakian, Hungarian, and Polish general nurses have higher scores in the area of culturally competent behaviour, with Czech charge nurses achieving the highest scores. Also, a statistical correlation between education and cultural competence was found. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian nurses with higher education demonstrate a higher level of cultural competence. It is noteworthy, however, that undergoing diversity education training does not impact cultural competence. The results of this study show the current issues in culturally competent care of patients from different cultures. Cultural competence is an essential component of quality and safe care for any patient. By addressing the identified factors, it is possible to increase the cultural competence of nurses and thus improve the quality of care provided.
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Nursing students'stress factors in clinical practice
Kurišová, Miroslava ; Mádlová, Ivana (advisor) ; Javůrková, Alena (referee)
The thesis focused on the psychological burden of students on professional practice and the related self-confidence of students. I set myself the following goals: 1. To analyze the current state of the issue of mental stress of students in professional practice using scientific sources and articles in Czech and foreign literature 2. Prepare a non-standardized structured questionnaire and assign the target respondents - students of Charles University 2nd and 3rd Faculty of Medicine / Faculty of Medicine / in Prague and students of the Faculty of Health Care of the Catholic University in Slovakia 3. Identify potential differences in the identification of stressors in the course of professional practice and assessment of load by students 4. Propose recommendations for improving education and training during studies The methodology: the work consists of data analysis obtained using a structured questionnaire, which was distributed electronically among students of General Nursing in 2nd and 3rd year in Czech Republic and in the 2nd and 3rd year in Slovakia. The final number of respondents for both universities was 66, a rate of return of 72%. MS excel 2016 spreadsheet processor and IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22 (USA) and Statistica version 12 were used for data analysis. The hypotheses were...
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Nursing students'stress factors in clinical practice
Kurišová, Miroslava ; Mádlová, Ivana (advisor) ; Javůrková, Alena (referee)
The thesis focused on the psychological burden of students on professional practice and the related self-confidence of students. I set myself the following goals: 1. To analyze the current state of the issue of mental stress of students in professional practice using scientific sources and articles in Czech and foreign literature 2. Prepare a non-standardized structured questionnaire and assign the target respondents - students of Charles University 2nd and 3rd Faculty of Medicine / Faculty of Medicine / in Prague and students of the Faculty of Health Care of the Catholic University in Slovakia 3. Identify potential differences in the identification of stressors in the course of professional practice and assessment of load by students 4. Propose recommendations for improving education and training during studies The methodology of the work will consist in the analysis of data obtained using a structured questionnaire, which will be distributed electronically among students of General Nursing in 2nd and 3rd year in Czech Republic and in the 2nd and 3rd year in Slovakia. The final number of respondents for both universities was 66, a rate of return of 72%. MS excel 2016 spreadsheet processor and IBM SPSS Statistics software version 22 (USA) and Statistica version 12 were used for data analysis. The...
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Hostile and aggressive behaviour of patients towards nurses in clinical practice
ŠMEJKALOVÁ, Alžběta
Current state: Aggressive and hostile behaviour of patients towards nurses in clinical practise is an alarming and common phenomenon that jeopardizes the safety and well-being of healthcare personnel. Objectives: The first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the number of adverse events in the "Behaviour of Individuals" category reported to the "National Portal for Reporting Adverse Events" during the period 2018-2021. The second objective was to assess the occurrence of aggressive behaviour of patients toward nurses in clinical practise. The third objective was to describe a spectrum of preventive nursing procedures that minimize the risk of aggressive behaviour of patients towards nurses. Methodology: The first research method involved a secondary analysis of statistical data from the National Portal for Reporting Adverse Events (ÚZIS ČR, 2022). The second research method utilized a quantitative study conducted through the administration of a standardized questionnaire called "Aggression of Patients towards Nurses in the Course of Their Profession (Lepiešová et al., 2015) ". This survey technique involved nurses from internal and surgical departments. Additionally, third research method was used, and it involved qualitative research through in-depth interviews with nursing care managers. Results: The results indicated that the most frequently reported event to the National portal of Reporting Adverse Events was category called "pressure ulcers ". The results of the qualitative study showed that patient aggression was not related to the field of care (p= 0.587). Furthermore, the results revealed that nurses with longer clinical experience encountered aggression from patients more frequently (p< 0,001). The results of the qualitative study described the most common preventive measures to minimize the risk of patient aggression towards nurses, including training and education of nurses and proper reporting of adverse events, addressing staff shortages, use of restraining measures and pharmacological interventions and appropriate communication with patients and their families. The hospital management prepares for the risk of patient aggression through staff training. Conclusion: The practical outcome of this diploma thesis is a set of recommendations for non-medical healthcare personnel.
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Principles of open and closed kinematic chains and their usage in rehabilitation
Hájek, Jiří ; Kučerová, Klára (advisor) ; Kurková, Simona (referee)
Bakalářská práce Princip otevřených a uzavřených kinematických řetězců a jeho využití v praxi 7 Abstract The terms open (OKC) and closed (CKC) kinematic (kinetic - OKIC and CKIC) chain are very often used in physiotherapy. However, this view has a problem in defining the chains. In theoretical part, we focused on definitions according to individual authors, publications and studies that mention the terms. Because the terms OKC and CKC are perceived very differently in the literature and many authors have adapted them to their image. Based on the acquired knowledge, we find the view of the kinematic chains to be insufficient, inconsistent and thus confusing. In the work, we focused on processing as many resources as possible with the given issue. In the practical part, we used a structured questionnaire focused on therapists in clinical practice. We asked how they use the terms OKC and CKC (resp. OKIC and CKIC) and what experience do they have with the terms in their clinical practice. The aim was to find out: to description of which situations are these terms used for and how the terms are used in different kinesiological situations. To what extent are they used in accordance with the definitions or to what extent they differ from them. Based on the results of the questionnaire and the mentioned literature...
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Drugs used in clinical practice with the origin in plants
Šímová, Markéta ; Suchánková, Daniela (advisor) ; Pourová, Jana (referee)
Charles Univerzity, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical botany Author: Markéta Šímová Supervisor: PharmDr. Daniela Hulcová Ph.D. Title of thesis: Active substances used in clinical practice originating in plant sources Key words: active substance, plant source, development, analgesics, local anesthetics, antineoplastics, sympathomimetics, parasympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, antispasmodics. Since time immemorial, plants have been used to treat various diseases, but it is not known what is behind their healing effect. It managed to find out with the development of pharmacy and chemistry. The first substances were isolated and their mechanism of action was elucidated. It was found that the substances themselves have a better and more efficient effect than the mixture, but also a number of side effects. The effort of experts was to remove them, which managed to prepare a lot of derivatives and in many cases they had even higher effect. With the development of new technologies, synthetically produced substances have come to the fore and it is already forgotten that many clinically used drugs have their origins in nature. This thesis deals with substances that originate in plant sources and are used in clinical practice as medicinal...
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Person-Centered Approach in clinical practice
Dizon, Adam ; Adámková, Jana (advisor) ; Goldmann, Petr (referee)
This thesis explores the position of Person-Centred Approach (PCA) in the practice of Czech clinical psychologists and psychiatrists who went through the PCA psychotherapy training and they use this approach in their current clinical practice. The main principles of PCA theory (1), principles of biomedical model in which clinical practice is rooted (2) and the new forms of person-centred psychopathology and psychodiagnosis (3) are the theoretical background of the following research. Based on the qualitative analysis of five recorded interviews (three clinical psychologists, two psychiatrists) the experience of the respondents is organised as comprehensive concepts concerning various areas and topics of the clinical practice (diagnosis, psychotherapy, dealing with PCA, dealing with biomedical model, therapeutic relationship, relation to the profession). Several common mechanisms are identified in the concept's dynamics. Through these mechanisms Person-Centred Approach is applied in areas and activities mentioned. The concepts based on experience and the PCA application mechanisms enrich the theories and ongoing research of PCA practice in the Western mental health care. Key words: Person-Centred Approach, Client-Centred Therapy, psychiatry, clinical psychology, psychotherapy, psychodiagnosis,...
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The possibilities of application of the Roy and Neuman model in clinical practice in the 50+ generation.
HEJNOVÁ, Iveta
The 50+ generation has become an age group that is aging according to the statistical data and the number of individuals in this age category is rising. The aging process is accompanied by numerous physical, mental and social changes. As a consequence of these processes new and modified needs occur in these individuals, to which the provided care has to be adapted. We have linked this issue with conceptual models in nursing. This is because a conceptual model will help us integrate patient information into coherent and comprehensible blocks. An important goal of conceptual models is to simplify the work of nurses, who can see a patient as a whole thanks to them. We chose two models in relation to this issue, namely Calista Roy's model and Betty Neuman's model. We chose two research goals on the basis of the topic of the thesis. The first one was to map the knowledge of selected conceptual models among nurses. And the second goal was to find out the specifics of the nursing care in the 50+ group with the application of selected conceptual models from the point of view of nurses. We applied both, qualitative and quantitative methods to the research. Within the quantitative research we used a non-standardized questionnaire. In the qualitative part we applied the focus group method. Three hypotheses and one research question were set in relation to the research. We are able to confirm two of the three hypotheses. The statistical results have shown that the knowledge of the open-systems model and the adaptation model corresponds with the education of the respondents. Respondents with tertiary education show better knowledge of these models. On the other hand, no relation in taking the specifics in the satisfaction of the needs into account in the provision of nursing care in the 50+ generation was confirmed. A procedure for collection of the nursing anamnesis in the 50+ generation was created on the basis of the research. On the basis of this procedure we can enable healthcare staff to classify the patient information into logical systems and therefore to obtain a quality and comprehensive view of a patient. After the completion of the qualitative research we evaluated the proposals of our respondents for the theoretical as well as the practical part of the anamnesis collection. These respondents showed knowledge of the models. They most often criticized bad intelligibility or even redundancy of a question. Among benefits they named simplicity, reasonability and quality evaluation of the nursing care.
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