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Laboratory exercises: Dispersion in optical fibers
Bilek, Maroš ; Klíčník, Ondřej (referee) ; Münster, Petr (advisor)
This thesis first addresses the theoretical analysis of optical fiber transmissions with a focus on the dispersions occurring in optical fibers. Chromatic and polarization mode dispersion are described in detail, including their origin, impact on the transmitted signal, and measurement methods. Based on the theoretical analysis of measurement methods, two were selected for application in the practical part of the thesis, specifically for designing measuring setups for laboratory exercises. The designed setups were practically implemented on several types of fibers with different lengths. The measured values corresponded with predicted theoretical values and met the limit values of the tested fibers. The main output of this thesis consists of two laboratory exercises focused on chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion. These laboratory exercise designs include a brief theoretical analysis of the respective dispersion, specify the necessary limit values and characteristics of the dispersions for evaluating correct results, and implement the measurement method setups for both dispersions. Specifically, these are the pulse delay method for chromatic dispersion and the fixed analyzer method for polarization mode dispersion.
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Dispersion measurements of optical transmissions.
Motúz, Rastislav ; Urban, František (referee) ; Filka, Miloslav (advisor)
This thesis firstly theoretically describes phenomena which appear in optical fiber transmission. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with linear and non-linear phenomena, and later on proceeds to dispersions with a more significant effect on the optical transmission quality. It puts polarization to the centre of the phenomenon called Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which is the main object of our interest. It leads to a deep PMD description from the point of view of polarization states, limit values, compensation methods, and methods of measurement. The practical part of this thesis deals with a draft of PMD measurement via Fixed Analyzer method. For the purposes of this measurement, we used the optical spectral analyzer MS9740A. In order to compare measured values, the proposed idea then proceeds to the reference measurement by using a modular platform EXFO FTB--200 in combination with CD/PMD module EXFO FTB-5700. Results of measurements have been evaluated for the limit values defined by the standard. In the last chapter of this thesis, the reference measurements are compared to the Fixed Analyzer method. All the advantages and disadvantages of individual measurement methods are identified at the end of this chapter too.
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The impact of polarization mode dispersion on error-rate of optical fibre link
Dorociak, Petr ; Křivánek, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
Master’s thesis engages in the impact of polarization mode dispersion on optical communication system. Polarization mode dispersion is mathematically described by Stoke’s and Jone’s space and ensure the theoretic causes of the rise of polarization mode dispersion that are divided on the external and internal effects. On the basis of these effects grow up a differential group delay (DGD) which makes causes that individual polarization modes have between them a time delay and limitation of maximum bit rate. Then master´s thesis analyses the influence of the polarization mode dispersion on the pulse enlargement and on the modulation signal. In this work, there are described the most applicated optical modulation formats. Polarization mode dispersion has also influence on the bit error rate of optical fibre link and closing of eye diagram too. Eye diagram is used to view the transmission characteristics and diagnoses the channel errors. Eye diagram is connected with the definitions as a bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that are explained in this work too. Following the gained experiences it was designed an useful graphic interface to display the effect of the polarization mode dispersion on the transmitted signal. Realization of the graphic interface is created in the program MATLAB. In Matlab-Simulink are created six models according to the kind of modulations with characteristic AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel. Program was tested for a typical values. In all calculations it is counted only with the losses that are caused by the polarization mode dispersion. It is not calculated with the losses that are caused by a chromatic dispersion and attenuation. At the end of this work are evaluated all types of modulation formats depending on the polarization mode dispersion, optical fibre length, price and complexity of the realization. Atteined results of my master’s thesis are compared with two foreign articles.
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Solving problems of CD and PMD in optical networks
Motúz, Rastislav ; Šifta, Radim (referee) ; Filka, Miloslav (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to analyse dispersions which are affecting a high-speed transfer in optical systems. It is focused on chromatic – CD and polarisation mode – PMD dispersion. It is devoted to definitions, limit values, methods of measurements and compensation methods against disturbance to the final quality of transmission. The thesis is divided into the three-chapter long theoretical part and the practical part which contains two chapters. The results of the extensive experimental measurements done by CD/PMD tester – modular platform EXFO FTB-200 are stated in the practical part and partly in the Appendix too. The output of the measurement confirms the theoretical assumptions stated in the theoretical part and thus proves the aim of the thesis to be achieved.
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The Optical Link Error-Rate Determination
Joch, Antonín ; Kapoun, Vladimír (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
The master thesis discusses physical causes of light polarization and problems brought by nascence of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD). These problems occur especially by high speed systems on optical cable traces. The thesis deals with actuation of transmitted signal by influence of Inter Symbol Interference and it also deals with methods for its measuring and compensation. As a results of measurements are in text presented data provided by EXFO Electro-Optical Engineering Inc. Company. Significant part of the thesis focuses on optical link Bit Error Rate (BER) which is connected with Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and signal quality (Q-factor). Further on it is possible to find in text about so called eye diagram which is display mode that shows influence of communication channel on shape of the transmitted signal. To this diagram is related another one called constellation diagram which describes modulation mode and makes it possible to map dispersion of signal points around their nominal values. In connection with so called trajectory it makes vector diagram. Practical part includes depiction of these diagrams in MATLAB development environment.
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Design of Graphic Interface for Calculation of Differential Group Delay
Vohralík, Jan ; Křivánek, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
The Bachelor's thesis is aimed to the problems regarding Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibre. Polarization mode disperzion limits the bandwidth of high speed comunication system. It cases a differential group delay between different polarizatins. If the delay is too high than the bits overlap and a bit error rate is increased. The work include description of polarization in Jones space and Stokem space. For description of Polarization mode disperzion is used PMD vector. I demonstrate influence of differential group delay in optical fibre at special grafic program develop in C# language.
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Effect of Light Polarization on Optical Fibre Links
Obručník, Ondřej ; Křivánek, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the emergence of polarization mode dispersion, its mathematical expression and also the influence, which polarization mode dispersion has on the optical communication channel. First, the chapters birefringence in fibers and polarization debate its emergence and basic characteristics, then are introduced two possibilities of mathematical expression polarization mode dispersion namely in Stokes and Jones space, whence is more closely examine Jones space. End work adverts about dependencies wavelength and birefringence on differential group delay, also about using fibre Bragg gratings in optical fibres and fall of characteristics grating on differential group delay.
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Solving problems of CD and PMD in optical networks
Motúz, Rastislav ; Šifta, Radim (referee) ; Filka, Miloslav (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to analyse dispersions which are affecting a high-speed transfer in optical systems. It is focused on chromatic – CD and polarisation mode – PMD dispersion. It is devoted to definitions, limit values, methods of measurements and compensation methods against disturbance to the final quality of transmission. The thesis is divided into the three-chapter long theoretical part and the practical part which contains two chapters. The results of the extensive experimental measurements done by CD/PMD tester – modular platform EXFO FTB-200 are stated in the practical part and partly in the Appendix too. The output of the measurement confirms the theoretical assumptions stated in the theoretical part and thus proves the aim of the thesis to be achieved.
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Effect of Light Polarization on Optical Fibre Links
Obručník, Ondřej ; Křivánek, Vítězslav (referee) ; Kyselák, Martin (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the emergence of polarization mode dispersion, its mathematical expression and also the influence, which polarization mode dispersion has on the optical communication channel. First, the chapters birefringence in fibers and polarization debate its emergence and basic characteristics, then are introduced two possibilities of mathematical expression polarization mode dispersion namely in Stokes and Jones space, whence is more closely examine Jones space. End work adverts about dependencies wavelength and birefringence on differential group delay, also about using fibre Bragg gratings in optical fibres and fall of characteristics grating on differential group delay.
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Dispersion measurements of optical transmissions.
Motúz, Rastislav ; Urban, František (referee) ; Filka, Miloslav (advisor)
This thesis firstly theoretically describes phenomena which appear in optical fiber transmission. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with linear and non-linear phenomena, and later on proceeds to dispersions with a more significant effect on the optical transmission quality. It puts polarization to the centre of the phenomenon called Polarization mode dispersion (PMD), which is the main object of our interest. It leads to a deep PMD description from the point of view of polarization states, limit values, compensation methods, and methods of measurement. The practical part of this thesis deals with a draft of PMD measurement via Fixed Analyzer method. For the purposes of this measurement, we used the optical spectral analyzer MS9740A. In order to compare measured values, the proposed idea then proceeds to the reference measurement by using a modular platform EXFO FTB--200 in combination with CD/PMD module EXFO FTB-5700. Results of measurements have been evaluated for the limit values defined by the standard. In the last chapter of this thesis, the reference measurements are compared to the Fixed Analyzer method. All the advantages and disadvantages of individual measurement methods are identified at the end of this chapter too.
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