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Možnosti léčby smíšených infekcí ryb
KOCOUR, Jakub
Fish diseases can be one of the factors slowing down the current development of aquaculture. Frequent causes of these diseases are pathogenic bacteria and parasites. The aim of this study was to test the effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on haematological and biochemical indicators as well as on the bacterial and parasitic load in fish. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were exposed to PAA (1.5 mg?l-1 ) and H2O2 (5 mg?l-1 ) for a period of 4 days. After the test ended, blood was collected from the fish to determine haematological and biochemical indicators, and swabs from gills and skin were taken for bacterial and parasitological examination. Haematologically, the following were determined: haematocrit (PCV), haemoglobin content (Hb), mean erythrocyte count (RBC), mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), erythrocyte haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). From the blood plasma, the following biochemical indicators were assessed: glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), inorganic phosphate (PHOS), calcium (Ca), triglycerides (TRIG), and globulins (GLOB). The haematological examination showed a statistically significant difference only in the mean erythrocyte volume (P<0.05), with an increase in MCV for the tested substances. Biochemical examination revealed statistically significant (P<0.01) increases in GLU, ALT, ALP, and PHOS levels. In TRIG, a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) occurred only in the group of fish exposed to H2O2. The last statistically significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in GLOB, with a decrease in the group of fish exposed to PAA and an increase in those exposed to H2O2. Bacteriological examination showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) difference in the reduction of bacterial counts on the skin of the fish for both tested substances. Parasitological examination revealed a statistically significant (P<0.05) effect of PAA on the occurrence of Trichodina sp., leading to the complete elimination of these parasites on both the skin and gills. The results showed that the haematological and biochemical indicators were only slightly altered compared to the control. It can be inferred that the application of PAA and H2O2 at the tested concentrations does not significantly stress the fish organism. It was also confirmed that PAA has antibacterial and antiparasitic effects, while H2O2 has only antibacterial effects.
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Assessment of the state of the environment with regard to the content of risk elements in fish bodies
Jonášová, Simona ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with the study of the content of potentially toxic elements in fish bodies in the Jihlava River. The biological samples were first transferred into solutions by microwave digestion. Afterwards, the potentially toxic elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn in muscle, heart, liver, genital organs, gills and intestine were determined by AAS. A total of 20 fish samples were analysed. In european chub and common bream, the concentrations of elements decreased in the order Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Hg > Pb > Cd. In rainbow trout, common nase, common carp, european perch and common roach, element concentrations decreased in the order Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Hg > Cd > Pb. In northern pike the following decreasing trend was found: Zn > Cu > Hg > Ni > Cr > Cd > Pb. The assessment of the condition of the watercourse was made according to the individuals that were assumed to have been present in the Jihlava River for more than 1 year. According to these fish species, the contamination of the aquatic environment with elements Cr, Cu, Hg and Ni was demonstrated. All fish samples except sample 8 (perch) were assessed as suitable for consumption.
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Vliv plemenné příslušnosti na hodnoty hematologických parametrů u kapra obecného
NÁDASKÝ, Alexandr
The aim of this thesis was to describe the effect of breed affiliation on the values of haematological parameters in selected breeds and interbreeds of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and ornamental variety - koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). A total of 5 groups of fish were included in the experiment and 9 individuals were included in each group. Thus, a total of 45 common carp at one year of age. Each group represented one of the breeds or inter-breed hybrids studied. In the framework of this thesis, haematological parameters were determined in individuals of the AS breed, the synthetic line of Hungarian Mirror Carp (HSM) and hybrids of the breeds Ropšinský x Tatajský carp or Amur mirror carp x HSM. The fifth group was koi carp. The fish were reared in aquaria, where optimal and identical physico-chemical water parameters were ensured throughout the rearing period. The RBC, PCV, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC WBC, Lk and differential leukocyte count were determined from the blood samples collected. Based on the determined values and the results of statistical comparison, it is evident that there are statistically significant differences in RBC, PCV, Hb and WBC values between the compared groups. Individuals from the koi and HSM groups (lower values of RBC, PCV and Hb) differed exclusively from individuals from the AS and interbreed hybrids ROP x TAT and HSM x AL groups. On the other hand, the highest WBC value was determined in fish from the HSM group. Within the leukogram, significant differences were found in the percentages of lymphocytes and metamyelocytes, and only lymphocytes showed significant differences in the absolute values of individual white blood cell types. Even though the fish were reared under similar conditions throughout the experiment, it cannot be completely excluded that some secondary effects on some hematological parameters may have been caused by even very subtle changes and factors (difference in physical activity or water flow in the rearing tank, stress caused by the presence of other individuals, etc.).
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Vliv přírodních aditiv na prodloužení skladovatelnosti chlazených paštik z kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio)
TUNYS, Ondřej
This diploma thesis evaluates the effects of cranberry, garlic and onion extract on microbiological quality, sensory attributes and oxidative effect of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) pâtés. The evaluation is expressed in comparison with the control sample (no additive). Individual analyzes took place in different terms depending on the analysis performed (usually on day 0, then after 1, 2, 3 and 6 months of storage). Microbiological analysis showed values in the range of 1.71 - 2.05; 1.73 - 2.23; 1.43 - 2.14; 1.36 - 2.21 log CFU*g-1 at individual terms (0, 1, 2 and 6 months). The accessible limit for freshwater fish consumption (7 log CFU*g-1) was not exceeded for any of the samples throughout the testing period. Onion extract reached the best values in microbiological analysis. However the best results in almost all sensory attributes (odour, taste, aftertaste, consistency, color, overall acceptability) were achieved by pate with garlic and cranberry. TBARS analysis evaluating lipid oxidation also proved inhibition of oxidation processes. All the results of this research showed that natural additives have good antioxidant effects extending the shelf life of carp pâtés with suitable storage (preservation and cooling at 4 +- 1 °C) for up to 6 months.
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Stravitelnost krmiv pro kapra obecného
MAREŠ, Josef
This bachelor thesis evaluates the composition and apparent digestibility of various types of fish feed and various ingredients applicable to the feeding of common carp. This bachelor thesis also evaluates the suitability of individual components based on the digestibility of individual nutrients. The results show that the right combination of fish feed improves efficiency, reduces feed consumption and increases growth. Last but not least, the negative impact of feeding on the quality of the aquatic environment should be reduced. This bachelor thesis summarizes existing digestibility values of individual feed ingredients for common carp and then its own experiment, which was very time- consuming. Some already known values have been confirmed and some new information about the content of individual components of feed and their subsequent use has been found. The results for wheat and maize were compared with results of other authors. Triticale, daphnia and chironomidae larvae were used for the first time, so the values could not be compared, nevertheless it could be used as a basic information for further research in this area. The average content of individual cereal parameters were: 16% protein content and 64% digestibility, 2% fat content and 70% digestibility, 74% BNLV content and 74% digestibility. Fiber content 5% and ash content 2% with very low digestibility. Phosphorus content 0.6% and digestibility 30%. Average content of individual parameters for natural foods was: protein content 55% and digestibility 86%, fat content 5% and digestibility 74%, BNLV 20% and digestibility 41 %, fiber content 7% and digestibility 8%, ash content 14% and digestibility 30%, phosphorus content 1.2% and 74% digestibility. The resulting element was to determine the most suitable feed for pond aquaculture. According to the available results, wheat combined with natural food is the best option. Wheat is very energy rich, but has a low protein content. Conversely, natural food is energy rich in easily usable protein. The optimal ratio of natural food to wheat was 0.25:2. With this ratio we can meet the ideal nutritional requirements of common carp (31% digestible protein, 0.6-0.7 % phosphorus, 3200 kcal?kg-1 digestible energy). With the right feed, we are able to reduce the negative impact on water quality and this is one of the main goals for the future.
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The impact of vertical distribution of zoobenthos in a pond in response to the biomass stocking of carp ponds
VÁLEK, Pavel
The impact of vertical distribution of zoobenthos in a pond in response to the biomass stocking of carp ponds was tested in the Rod, Dobrá Vůle, Pohořelec, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds. Except for the Rod pond, various carp biomass was represented in all ponds. Sampling was conducted during the growing season (June and July), and outside the growing season (September). Physico-chemical parameters of water were measured for each sample. All samples were sorted by groups, counted and weighed. The results are presented in graphs. Zoobenthos density of the Dobrá Vůle, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds showed a rising tendency towards deeper parts of the pond sediment. The density of these ponds reached the maximum values in depths of 10-14 cm. This tendency was observed in the occurrence of midges in these ponds. The highest density of midges was observed in the Haslauerteich pond (1,687 individuals per square metre). The above-mentioned ponds were stocked by the common carp (K2-3). The largest density of the tubifexes in the Dobrá Vůle, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds was observed during the September sampling in the shallow parts of the sediment (0-6 cm). The maximum density was 1,031 individuals per square metre. On the Pohořelec pond, the occurrence of zoobenthos during both samplings was recorded only in the depth of 10-12 cm. Other representatives of zoobenthos were present in the Rod, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds. Larvae of Sialis and Chaoboridae were observed as well. The density and biomass was greater in the September sampling. We have noticed a greater settlement in various depths. Their maximum density was in the Haslauerteich pond (218 individuals per square metre).
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The impact of vertical distribution of zoobenthos in a pond in response to the biomass stocking of carp ponds
VÁLEK, Pavel
The impact of vertical distribution of zoobenthos in a pond in response to the biomass stocking of carp ponds was tested in the Rod, Dobrá Vůle, Pohořelec, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds. Except for the Rod pond, various carp biomass was represented in all ponds. Sampling was conducted during the growing season (June and July), and outside the growing season (September). Physico-chemical parameters of water were measured for each sample. All samples were sorted by groups, counted and weighed. The results are presented in graphs. Zoobenthos density of the Dobrá Vůle, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds showed a rising tendency towards deeper parts of the pond sediment. The density of these ponds reached the maximum values in depths of 10-14 cm. This tendency was observed in the occurrence of midges in these ponds. The highest density of midges was observed in the Haslauerteich pond (1,687 individuals per square metre). The above-mentioned ponds were stocked by the common carp (K2-3). The largest density of the tubifexes in the Dobrá Vůle, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds was observed during the September sampling in the shallow parts of the sediment (0-6 cm). The maximum density was 1,031 individuals per square metre. On the Pohořelec pond, the occurrence of zoobenthos during both samplings was recorded only in the depth of 10-12 cm. Other representatives of zoobenthos were present in the Rod, Haslauerteich and Neuteich ponds. Larvae of Sialis and Chaoboridae were observed as well. The density and biomass was greater in the September sampling. We have noticed a greater settlement in various depths. Their maximum density was in the Haslauerteich pond (218 individuals per square metre).
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Kryoprezervace a transplantace spermatogonií kapra obecného
FUČÍKOVÁ, Michaela
Cryopreservation and transplantation of germ cells in fish provides a suitable tool for preserving genetic information. By method of surrogate reproduction, the offspring with characters of the chosen donor can be obtained. In this case of our commercially important species common carp. However, for the successful cryopreservation of the germ cells, a suitable protocol for each species must be established. Several cryoprotectants were tested. The best of them, Me2SO, regarding the viability of spermatogonia, was tested for its different concentrations depending also on the rate of freezing. Further testing, related to the effect of tissue size, incubation time and added sugar, was performed. The result of the assay identified best cryomedium composed of 2.5M dimethylsulfoxide, added sugar of 0.3M glucose, 1.5% BSA and 25nM Hepes dissolved in PBS. The most suitable size of tissue was 100 mg, incubation time was 30 min and coolig rate was -1 ° C/min. This protocol ensures the highest viability rate of cryopreserved spermatogonia of common carp. The second part of the work was to verify the success of the transplantation of cryopreserved and fresh spermatogonia into a suitably chosen recipient, the goldfish, which shares similar reproductive characteristics with carp, but also offers reduction of space requirements or resistance to koi-herpes virus. The transplanted germ cells colonized the germ line and started gametogenesis in 42.5% (cryopreserved spermatogonia) and 52.5% (fresh spermatogonia) goldfish recipients, which demonstrated that the transplantation of cryopreserved spermatogonia of common carp can be successfully achieved.
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The potential of compound feed and cereals as a tool for keeping the production of carp at a good level in relation to the water quality.
MELKA, Václav
The aim of this diploma thesis was to test the production effectiveness of cereals and compound feed and at the same time, find out what influence they have on the water quality when applied in the semi-intensity carp farming. The feeding test was taking place in the period of 112 days in 10 experimental storage ponds. The feed which was tested, was cereals, extruded feed from the Aller Aqua company with 24% share of protein, pelleted feed glycid type feed with the 12,5% share of protein (KP) and pellet feed glycid type compound feed with 12,5% share of protein and reduced share of phosphorus (KPminus). A tested carp population of the same density was left without any additional feeding, to be fed only on the natural nutrition. Every one of these separated carp populations were fed three times a week in the morning and on the same spot of the fish tank. The testing was taking place twice.The measuring of the parametres of the water (temperature, oxygen, pH) took place once a fortnight, taking samples of the water once a month. At the end of the experiment, the level of phosphorus and the observed production parametres were evaluated.The highest production effectiveness was reached in the carps that were fed with cereals (FCR - Food Convertion Ration 2,41 - 0,46, SGR - Specific Growth Rate 0,54 - 0,07 %.d-1). The lowest production effectiveness was achieved with the pelleted feed KPminus (FCR - 3,72 - 0,30, SGR - 0,39 - 0,02 %.d-1). The highest retention of phosphorus (88%) in the fish biomass was reached with cereals. The lowest retention of phosphorus (60%) was reached in the carps fed with the pelleted feed KP. Feeding carps with tested feeds did not have any significant influence on the water quality. From both the economic and the environmental point of view, the best feed for carp pond farming is cereals.
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Pollution produced carp general, depending on the fullness of the digestive tract.
HAVLÍNOVÁ, Šárka
The aim of my bachelor thesis was to determine and compare the differences in the levels of pollution produced by fish through their metabolic activities depending on the fullness of their digestive tract. The pollution production was detected in 4 groups of fry of the common carp: 1) the fish had no access to food for 2 days before the beginning of the experiment; 2) the fish did not eat for 10 days before the beginning of the experiment; 3) the fish had a limited food intake (pellets KP1) before the beginning of the experiment; 4) the fish accepted spontaneously feed (2% by weight of the stock). The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. In the beginning of the experiment, the fish of individual groups and known weight were placed in experimental aquariums filled with 20 l of tap water. The experiments took 24 hours and after that the fish were moved back into its origin tank. Water from the experimental aquariums was filtered through a screen with 40 micrometr mesh size. Both, filtered water ("aqueous phase excrements") and solids ("solid phase excrements") were analysed. Solids were analysed for a content of dry matter, total phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Filtered water was analysed for a concentration of suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn, and CODCr) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Aqueous phase excrements was filtered again through a glass filter (1.2 micrometr) and the filtrate was analysed for concentration of ammonia nitrogen [N (NH3 + NH4+)], nitrate nitrogen [N-NO3-] and orthophosphate phosphorus [P-PO43-]. Pollution detected in solids and in filtered water was related to 1 kg of live weight of fish per day. The parameters characterizing pollution excreted by fish achieved in the 4th group i.e. fish, which accepted spontaneously feed the highest values. The fish of this group secreted on average of 4,154 mg.kg-1.day-1 of suspended solids (particles 1.2 micrometr), 105,5 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total phosphorus and 1,342 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total nitrogen. In the aqueous phase excrements, there was detected on average of 637 mg.kg-1.day-1 of ammonia nitrogen 4.9 mg.kg-1.day-1 of phosphate phosphorus.4,561 mg.kg-1.day-1 of CODCr, 2,634 mg.kg-1.day- 1 of BOD5. The values detected in the other groups were times lower.
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