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Active Particles at the Temelín NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions
KAŇKOVSKÝ, Josef
Active Particles at the Temelin NPP, Radiobiological Risks and Protective Precautions The term active particle (AC) was applied on Temelín NPP (ETE) in order to denominate small fragments of high radioactive matters, sized up to 1 millimeter, forming into primary circuit. In accordance with latest available know-how, the ACs major contains corrosion products, that were activated during passing through reactor core. After primary circuit opening, due to carry out outage works, the ACs will spread into ETE radiation controlled area. In proportion to their size, the ACs activity is relative high, so that the ACs can jeopard workers, who will contact them. This jeopardy is namely associated with AC penetration into organism - ingestion or inhalation. The main goal of this dissertation is to determine grounds of ACs occurence in Temelín NPP, to review ACs radiobiological risks and to evaluate procedures and protective aids, used for assurance of workers radiation protection. This dissertation is resuming actual know-how about ACs occured and occuring in Temelín NPP, including suggestions for radiation protection procedures and for protective aids utilization, that are to be used for reduction of above mentioned jeopardy. Next areas are concerned: - analysis of ACs forming and matters composition - description of ACs physical-radiation parameters - identification of main ACs sources in primary circuit - assesment and evaluation of radiobiological jeopardies, associated with ACs occurence in Temelín NPP radiation controlled area - assesment of procedures and protective aids used for protection of workers, who can be endangered by ACs
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"Radiographic examination of premature infants using a mobile x-ray unit"
DUPAČOVÁ, Markéta
My thesis deals with the issues of X-raying of premature infants by means of a mobile X-ray device. I have concentrated on chest skiagraphy of prematurely born children, on mobile diagnostic technology, on X-raying techniques, on the correct imaging procedure, X-ray image quality, but also on radiation protection and radiation load the infant organism is exposed to during skiagraphy. My aim is to apply the experience in X-raying of premature infants by means of a mobile skiagraph and to compare the X-ray image quality and radiation load obtained in two different devices and techniques. I performed the comparison of radiation load and X-ray image quality on a sample of prematurely born children examined at the Radio-diagnostic Department of Písek Hospital in 2007 through 2010. The experience in application of the mobile diagnostic technology in a special group of patients obtained from this research may also be applied at further workplaces involved in the same field.
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Development of system reduction and limitation of doses in persons working with sources of ionizing radiation and in inhabitants
TEPLÝ, Antonín
Development of system reduction and limitation of doses in persons working with sources of ionizing radiation and in inhabitants This dissertation discusses a system of limits and its development, i.e. how did the radiation dose limits change due to the safety of staff working with ionizing radiation and how did the limits of exposure of the population change. The introduction part of this dissertation deals with basic principles of radiation protection, namely with its optimization {--} with ALARA system. In the Current situation chapter there is a system of limits for reduction of radiation (Sec. 18 and 22 of the State Office for Nuclear Safety Decree No 307/2002 Sb.) and derived limits. The main part of this project focuses on monitoring of the practical development of the system of limits. In the Radiation Oncology Institute of the Faculty Hospital Na Bulovce (Ústav radiační onkologie Fakultní nemocnice Na Bulovce) archive I received data from the CSOD. I processed listing of both free-month and one-month doses received by the staff and I studied the way the doses decrease and mainly how does the number of personnel in whose cases the doses exceeded their limits decrease. I involved three most numerous groups of personnel. The first group consists of radiology assistants and analysts, the second group consists of medical doctors and physicists and the third group consists of medical nurses who were monitored only till 2003. The greatest decrease can be noticed since 2003 when the listings of radiation doses started being evaluated on monthly basis. I think that monthly evaluation of doses is a great landmark in the issue of protection of personnel involved with ionizing radiation. I transferred the data about these doses into several charts. I divided exceeded doses into individual scales and processed them statistically. There is a table in the discussion part of this dissertation work where even historical dose limits and dose equivalents are converted to mSv units (i.e. mSv/year) so that it would be possible to compare the limits. The process of radiation protection of the personnel in the Institute is also dealt with.
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Dosimetric determination of radiation exposure of patients and personnel during diagnostic and interventional endovascular procedures at the DSA department of UVN, recovery plan for a potential extraordinary event
KRAHULA, Ondřej
Intervention radiology is a discipline that is achieving a great advancement due to its significant success in the treatment of various diseases. Also, it relates to the increase of the number of angiographic performances in the last years. The extension of radiological methods has increased the share of this discipline on the overall medical irradiation of the population. All angiographic performances are accompanied by certain risk related to the exposure of the patient and staff to the ionizing radiation. Several cases were reported where the surface doses were reaching the limits of deterministic effects of radiation in some types of examination. This study monitors three core criteria related to the radiation burden in the set of 141 patients, which have undertaken different endovascular interventions. These criteria are: the dose area product (DAP), surface dose, and effective dosage. The relevant criterion was the value of DAP, read from the DAP meter directly during the examination. Other data were calculated. On basis of these results, this study tries to determine the strenuousness of singular examinations from the point of the radiation burden. It is the understanding the principles of the influencing the patient{\crq}s burden of the radiation in angiographic examinations, what can help in reducing the dosages. The analysis of this study results can help to prevent the occurrence of abnormal events during the examination.
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Population protection in the emergency planning zone around the Nuclear Power Plant Temelín
MARTINŮ, Pavlína
This issue represents contribution to discussion of the population protection within the emergency planning zone of Temelín Nuclear Power Plant (NNP). My intention was to evaluate the actual system of public protection measures in the case of potential appearance of the radiation accident. As a part of this evaluation the analysis of correlation between emergency classification system of emergency events severity, valid for Temelín NPP, and system of immediate protective measures for population was done. The introductory parts of my work describes the basic information about Temelín Nuclear Power Plan. The main attention was given to nuclear safety, radiation protection, principles of emergency preparedness and types of NPP operating modes. Further system of public protection measures for the case of radiation accident appearance is described. Emergency classification system of potential extraordinary events at Temelín NPP and principles of announcements and public warning is also explained in this part. Part of this information represents description of potential implementation of immediate protective actions. One of the outputs is in the form of simple educational software program useful especially for children education. They can received information how to behave in the case of radiation accident declaration. Software is enclosed in the form of compact disk and gain knowledge can be verified by a short test.
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The imaging methods and their utilization in diagnostic on non-injury ventral emergencies
MAREK, Radovan
I have aimed my research in my bachelor work to the most frequent used radiological display methods in the sphere of the sudden uninjured abdomen incidents- the roentgen display of the abdomen, calculating tomography and ultrasound. The roentgen and the calculating tomography work with the ionizing ray source, they are the radiating source for the patient. The radiographer must uncodicially know all rules and methods of the radiological protecting leading to the reduction of the radiological dosis for the patient in the time of the radiological examination. In the first part of my bachelor work, I have tried to set the share of the utilization of the above mentionned single display modalities in the group of patients with the diagnosis of the sudden uninjured abdomen incident or with the suspicion of it, and in this way to determine in the clinical praxis the most used display method taking into account the high reliability and recovery of the method used for the concrete sort or group of the accute abdomen disease. In the second part of my bachelor work on account of the dosis intensity of the researched radiological examines, I have determined a method, which means for the patient the highest radiating load and the concrete process, how the radiographer can reduce the radiating intensity at the examine with the source of the ionising emission.
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Health and safety at work with sources of ionizing radiation in healthcare
Pěnková, Jana ; Spirit, Michal (advisor) ; Soušková, Milena (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse health and safety system in department of nuclear medicine in Kolín hospital and evaluate its compliance with czech legislation. The thesis is compsed of four chapters. Chapter One gives a general introduction to health and safety issues and describes most important aspect of general health and safety legislation. Chapter Two explains the basic terms of ionizing radiation and radioactivity and focuses mainly on radiation protection, which is closely linked to the health and safety area. Chapter Three defines the legislative and institutional framework of health and safety in the area of ionizing radiation. This chapter is a starting point for Chapter Four, which analyzes the health and safety system in department of nuclear medicine in Kolín hospital, compares it with legislation requirements and evaluates the compliance.
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