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Capital adequacy, Basel II and prediction of default
Bardún, Adam ; Synek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Krauseová, Jaruše (referee) ; Freiberg, František (referee)
Dissertation thesis deals with the topic of capital adequacy of financial institutions and tries to solve the problem of default and its prediction. In the theoretical part, the thesis provides summarization of historic and current approaches to capital adequacy of financial institutions and also presents currently used methodology of scoring models, which predict default of companies. Application part of the thesis aims to develop a scoring model, which would be usable by financial institutions for evaluation of their clients and their tendency to default.
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Securitization- A critical assessment in the light of the financial crisis
Marinova, Milena ; Krupová, Lenka (advisor) ; Marek, Petr (referee) ; Doubravský, Jiří (referee)
My dissertation thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles of securitization techniques, of their attendant shortcomings, their regulatory treatment and the recent proposals for reducing complexity in accounting standards with relevance for securitizations. The explosion of securitization and related innovative credit risk transfer products largely expanded the magnitude and diversity of issuers, investors and securities. With this expansion numerous market participants began to wrongly believe that risk was not only shared more widely, but also that it disappeared from the system altogether. The application, or to be more precise, the misapplication of securitization in the mortgage market had fatal consequences for the financial sector worldwide. Before securitization, sub-prime mortgage lenders retained the loans that they originated on their balance sheets and therefore cared about their credit quality. Securitization techniques and related innovative financial instruments enabled the export of sub-prime mortgage structural problems from the United States globe-wide via the financial intermediaries. More over, securitization techniques and related credit risk transfer products enabled single banks to reduce their individual risk while at the same time transferred new and greater risks to the financial system. Meanwhile a lot was written on the causes for the recent financial crisis. In most cases inadequate ratings provided by the credit rating agencies and different principal agent problems were addressed. I present both for completeness in my work. However, I argue that not only the credit rating agencies are to blame for the inadequate reflection of securitization and related financial innovations and subsequently for the financial turmoil. The international and national financial supervisors in fact supported the credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. What turned obvious during and after the financial turmoil started mid-2007 is that financial regulation failed to reach its main goal - ensuring stability of the financial system. It failed despite of the "regulatory achievements within Basel II" elaborated over the past ten years. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were not adequately treated in Basel II. Securitization-related products such as Credit Derivatives on Securitization Underlyings and numerous other complex financial innovations, as presented in my thesis, were not even thought of in Basel II. In fact, Basel II turned to do little to make the financial system more resilient. The need for further revisions in banking regulation is currently more than obvious. Furthermore, it is time to ask if the developments in Basel II are the right way to address the current risks within the financial system and hence if Basel II is the right way of banking regulation and supervision altogether. With the development of both Basel Accords (Basel I and Basel II) capital ratios became the center of banking regulation. However, capital ratios are obviously not sufficient as a measure for a systemic financial stability. These questions arise at least when financial stability and soundness are still the intended objectives and believed to be ensured through Basel II. My merits in this dissertation work root in the multi-facet analysis of securitization techniques that I provide. Up to date a comparable analysis of securitization techniques which addresses the wide spectrum of securitizations' issues - such as (i) their treatment and the related attendant flaws within the regulatory framework Basel II, (ii) the various microeconomic deficiencies related to securitizations, and (iii) the implicit macroeconomic threads of exporting credit risk and de-balancing financial stability through securitization techniques - has not been provided in the comprehensive way I built up my analysis. As a basis for my analysis, I provide a new classification of the characteristics of securitization techniques which were pre-crisis wrongly perceived as benefits. I analyze the reasons for the turmoil in the financial markets in their interplay and complexity and consider securitization techniques as a key driver for the financial crisis. I comprehensively criticize the current regulatory treatment. I present in detail why the recent financial crisis should be considered a clear regulatory failure due to the up to date short-sightedness of financial regulation. Through providing partial solutions and professional author's assessment of selected regulatory and accounting changes to securitizations I deliver an expert's contribution to the topic. My conclusions are that securitization markets, as they have been operating until today, brought a negative net macroeconomic effect which has been largely damaging to the global economy. I argue that international and national financial supervisors established an inadequate framework for financial regulation and supervision, and among other failures, even supported credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. Further on, I show that early warning indicators of systemic risk in the financial sector and signs of the coming turmoil were irresponsibly ignored at the time they were perceived. What turned obvious during and after the recent financial turmoil is that capital regulation failed to reach its main goal -- ensuring stability of the financial system. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were adequately treated neither in Basel I nor in Basel II. Finally, I conclude that capital ratios as established with the development of both Basel Accords are not sufficient as a central measure for banking regulation and ensuring systemic financial stability.
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Financial analysis of the credit union
Šišková, Kateřina ; Míková, Marie (advisor) ; Sonták, Miloš (referee)
The aim of the diploma thesis is a financial analysis of the credit union. The main aim of the thesis is to show how credit unions are working in the Czech Republic, and to apply a financial analysis of the selected credit union. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes a financial analysis in general, its resources, users and methods. The second charter deals with legislation of credit unions, their operation on the Czech market and supervisory duties of the Central Bank. Accounting and statements of credit unions are discussed in the third chapter. The final fourth charter deals with practical analysis of selected savings cooperatives.
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The requirements of new regulation and its impact on the banking sector
Krokoš, Pavol ; Blahová, Naděžda (advisor)
Bachelor thesis describes the new requirements of Basel III, which was introduced by the Basel Committee in response to still lingering financial crisis. It analyzes the potential impacts on the global banking sector and specifically the banking sector in the Czech Republic. The work also focuses on the development of the first two capital agreements, particularly Basel II, in order to highlight the shortcomings revealed by the financial crisis.
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New regulatory and supervisory rules in banking
Csörgö, Tomáš ; Zetek, Pavel (advisor)
The bachelor thesis aims to clarify the new rules of regulation in banking. It explains step by step the need of regulation and supervision by different arguments, which are undoubtedly important for the banking sector. In addition to regulation, it explains principles of supervision, so not only the importance of rules, but also their fulfilling. In the next part, it describes Basel II accord, focusing on internal methods of measuring of credit and operational risk. By De Larosiére report the paper explains the need of new regulatory rules. The main part of the work is the last one, where the new rules are explained. It contains the explanation of remuneration, capital adequacy, liquidity and leverage ratio. The possible impact on economy is mentioned at the end of the work.
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Credit risk management in the Czech banking
Valenčinová, Anna ; Půlpánová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Servusová, Simona (referee)
This thesis deals with the management of credit risk in the Czech banking sector. It consists of four separate chapters. The first three chapters provide a theoretical basis for important knowledge concerning the issue. The first chapter provides general background information about the bank, the importance of bank regulation and supervision, and all types of banking risks, with emphasis on credit risk. The second chapter deals with the system of credit risk management in banks, which includes the identification, quantification, monitoring and reducing of credit risk. The capital adequacy and rules for its determination under Basel II are contained in the third chapter. The last chapter provides an analysis of selected indicators of the Czech banking sector and assessment of credit risk management in the two largest Czech banks, on the basis of specific fair value of their annual reports.
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Principles of bank lending to small and medium-sized enterprises
Cernenco, Marina ; Půlpánová, Stanislava (advisor)
The subject of this thesis is the credit risk and management methods applied in the lending process to small and medium-sized enterprises. Significant attention is paid to stages of credit process, organizational structure of credit department and division of authority, credit policies, rules and procedures, which are applicable in bank for identification, measurement, control and possible reduction of the negative impact of credit risk on bank activities. In this context, there are also discussed methods of assessment of the counter-parties' creditworthiness, which are based on the principles of rating and financial analysis and help bank analytics in decision-making process. The regulatory requirements of the Czech National Bank and innovation in ways of calculation of capital adequacy, which brought the current concept Basel II, have very important role and considerable influence on the management of risks. In the application part of this work the complex analysis of Znovín Znojmo ltd. for illustration of basic banking procedures.
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Regulation of banks under Basel frameworks
Miškovič, Branislav ; Hnilica, Jiří (advisor) ; Kováč, Jakub (referee)
This diploma thesis provides a high-level overview of banking regulation under the general rules of the Basel agreements that are followed in almost every international bank globally. The introductory part of this paper is devoted to the fundamental purpose of regulation and explains the risks banks are exposed to. The following chapters outline the evolution of banking regulation as agreed by the Basel committee, explain the various capital adequacy frameworks, risk measurement methodologies and look into the proposed future developments in the regulatory area, including ex-post (Basel I, II) and ex-ante analysis of the practical impacts on banks. The final part of this diploma work is focused on actual real world application of the Basel II rules in a banking organization, precisely Barclays Capital, the investment banking arm of Barclays Plc. headquartered in London, UK and regulated by the Financial Services Authority (FSA).
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Banking risk management in the Czech banking example
Kousalová, Klára ; Půlpánová, Stanislava (advisor)
The goal is to evaluate the methods, procedures and ways of managing risk Czech banking entities. The first part focuses on the nature of the risk of credit, market, liquidity and operational. The second chapter is the analysis of the Czech banking sector itself, given the risk management, capital adequacy and compliance with regulatory rules. The last part is focused on the development of Basel II. The resulting information provides a summary in conclusion.
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The credit risk management at credit operations of Czech banks
Václavíková, Petra ; Půlpánová, Stanislava (advisor)
From a general point of view the bachelor thesis deals mainly with credit risk and also with all procedures used in the credit risk management. Firstly, the general phases of credit risk management are described giving emphasis on counterparty risk resulting from credit operations of Czech banks. Moreover, the thesis also pays attention to capital requirements for credit risk coverage run by bank institutions in relation to the concept of Basel II in Czech banking sector. Additionally, process of administration receivables from credit operation is analyzed. Above all, attention is paid to procedures and methods of receivable categorization from financial activities, specific allowances and possibilities of collateral and receivables collection. Finally, specific examples of Komerční banka, a.s. approaches are given for overall clarity.
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