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Ethical Aspects of Organ Transplantations
ČANDOVÁ, Jana
In the introduction the theses deals with change of medicine paradigma and shows development and changes of transplantation method. Then is discussed the classification of transplantation and presents general conditions and biological positions, which are connected with medical ethics of organ transplantations. There are presented (and discused) important ethical aspects of cadaveric transplantation, problems of live organ donors and question of xenotransplantation. Relevant International ethical codes and legislation in the Czech Republic is also mentioned. The analysis at the end shows the urgency to engage in the problems of extended posibilities and the need of taking some limits. It is also necessary to educate professional, responsible and empathic physicians.
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Media images related health professionals and patients
SÝKOROVÁ, Marta
Media image of a health worker ? a patient relationship The presented bachelor thesis describes the media image of a relationship between a health worker and a patient in the mirror of television series both from the view of present days and with looking back thirty years and their mutual comparison. A theoretical part concerns issues of medical ethics (basic concepts, a transformation of the relationship between a health worker and a patient, basic principles, Patients´ rights, Informed consent), then a communication in the health care and mass communication (especially the interaction relationship between mass media and reality). In the practical part there was used a method of a qualitative research, an observation of selected parts of the television series Hospital at the outskirts of the city (Nemocnice na kraji města) and Surgery in the Rose Garden 2 (Ordinace v růžové zahradě 2). Results of the observation were divided into six parts describing not only a general perspective of the relationship between the health worker and the patient (in terms of paternalism x partnership), but also partial facts which are important for this relationship (information for patients, a common health workers and patients´ communication, a communication of the health workers with close relatives of the patients, permitting of visits, a compliance with the mandatory medical confidentiality by the health workers and an image of a medicine doctor). According to the results the most noticeable shift in the relationship between the health worker and the patient can be observed in their everyday communication, the least noticeable in a compliance with the professional confidentiality. In practice, it would be possible to use the knowledge gained by the research for a publication in a professional literature and for a preparation of an educational material for workers in helping professions.
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The informed consent procedure from the patients´ perspective
FRAŇKOVÁ, Květoslava
In 2001, the Czech Republic ratified the Convention on Biomedicine. This convention is based on a strategy of partnership between physician and patient. This strategy is being implemented by informing patients of their rights in health care. The patients who are adequately informed of the nature, purpose, risks and consequences of treatment may freely decide whether they want to undergo a treatment or not. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part deals with the legislation in force on the informed consent and its various aspects. The practical part gives a survey of the knowledge of the rights that result from the informed consent and the implementation of those rights into practice. The objective of this section is to determine the legal awareness of the issue of the informed consent, especially from the patients´ {--} citizens´ perspective. The hypothesis 1 assumes that respondents with higher education are better aware of their rights arising form the informed consent than respondents with lower education. Hypothesis 2 assumes that respondents with higher education better employ the rights derived form the informed consent than respondents with lower education. The investigation was conducted in citizens living, working or studying in České Budějovice. To verify the hypotheses the quantitative research, carried out through a questioning method using the questionnaire technique, was conducted. The objective was achieved. On the basis of obtained data that were evaluated in percentage terms, the hypothesis 1 was refuted and the hypothesis 2 was confirmed. The research outcomes show that knowledge of the rights arising from the informed consent is almost identical for both groups of respondents, but in practice these rights are being claimed more likely by respondents with higher education. These results showed the need of focusing attention on informing patients about the practical application of their rights arising form the informed consent.
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Nursing care of patients with pacemaker
LEJČKOVÁ, Jana
This Bachelor{\crq}s thesis focuses on nursing care for patients after the implantation of a pacemaker, on the providing of information to clients about nursing care and on the benefits of educational materials for patients in hard copy format. Long-term cardiostimulation is used to treat symptomatic cardiac rhythm disorders, where the heart muscle is stimulated for its activity from an external source {--} a pacemaker. The actual implantation amounts to a small surgical procedure that involves possible risks and complications, and professionally provided nursing care is intended to reduce those risks. The thorough informing of the patient by the nursing team increases the patient{\crq}s comfort during hospitalization and can reduce the risk of postoperative complications and fear of the procedure itself. Through proper education after the implantation of a pacemaker both before the patient is released for home healthcare and during outpatient follow-ups, we enable the patient to resume daily living without problems. We obtained the findings for this Bachelor{\crq}s thesis by conducting a quantitative survey using the method of an anonymous questionnaire. For the compiling of the results, 93 properly completed questionnaires were used. The first hypothesis of the research focused on the positive evaluation by clients of provision of information about nursing care after the implantation of a pacemaker. The results of the survey indicated that clients are given sufficient information by physicians, general practice and cardiostimulation nurses, that patients are becoming better informed in recent years, and that patients appreciate receiving the information. The second hypothesis mapped the benefit of educational materials on nursing care in hard copy. Respondents rated the materials as comprehensible and beneficial, providing clients with valuable practical advice about living with a pacemaker.
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Informed consent as part of nursing care before invasive treatment in cardiology
BOUŠOVÁ, Radka
The dissertation, which deals with informed consent as part of nursing care before invasive treatment in cardiology, is divided into two separate parts. It is partly theoretical describing informed consent from the point of view of the law, its most important aspects and ways of providing informed consent, also as a component part of nursing documentation and nursing care. The theoretical part also deals with certain invasive treatments carried out in cardiology departments on diseases that can be revealed through these treatments, nursing care during these treatments and their complications. The second part is the research part, in which three goals were set. The first two goals focussed on the effect of informed consent and on the requirements before invasive treatment from the patient{\crq}s point of view. The third goal focussed on the effectiveness of informed consent from the point of view of nurses. Research questions were set in order to achieve these goals, according to which half-structured interviews were created which were carried out with both patients and nurses. The interview with nurses contained twenty questions concerning identification details, the effect of informed consent on nursing care, the requirements for informed consent and the effectiveness of informed consent. The interview with patients contained nineteen questions and was divided into the same parts as the interview with nurses. The inquiries helped to achieve all the goals and the results helped to answer the research questions. Informed consent has a large and significant effect on care from the patients{\crq} point of view. Before treatment they are provided with all the necessary information that is important for the good progress of the treatment and hospitalisation and patients do not have any other requirements. From the point of view of nurses informed consent is very effective but of course it depends on the patient{\crq}s attitude. Resolving this problem depends primarily on the medical personnel working in cardiology departments and therefore in conclusion we have summarised our results in a brief nursing manual on submitting information to patients before invasive cardiology treatment which could be an essential source material in order to improve nursing care.
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Informedness of stomia patients before the surgery
SOUKUPOVÁ, Alena
In this bachelor thesis, we discuss the awareness of ostomates prior to an operation. The awareness and education is considered an integral part of quality and professional care for the patient. If the patient receives sufficient and comprehensible information, they become part of treatment, diagnostics and overall health care process, thus assuming a proactive role in their health care. The objective of our thesis was to find out how ostomic patients are informed prior to an operation and map the education process and compare information for a planned and acute operation. A quantitative method was selected to achieve the objective, using an anonymous question form. We approached ostomic patients as respondents. The results show that even though awareness has quite improved since the past years, deficiencies are still seen in many cases. Some information is not understood or sufficient for the pacient. As we expected, patients coming for a planned operation are better informed than patients arriving in acute cases. But in spite of an acute operation, the patient should be briefed and educated. The education process prior to a resection operation is again Better quality for planned operations. Unfortunately, pacients coming for an acute operation are deprived of such education. The education process can make the patient less afraid and their vision of future life is clearer.
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Most frequent problem in nurse practice before end after invasive achievements in cardiology
VESELÁ, Hana
The theme of this is {\clqq}The Most Frequent Problems in Nursing Practice before and after Invasive Cardiological Interventions``. The principal goals were to identify the most frequent problems in the nursing practice after invasive interventions, to map the awareness of patients before and after invasive interventions and the effect of awareness on further course of nursing care. The chapter describing the current state of the given problem also includes the history of invasive cardiology, describes some invasive interventions performed in the hospital and nursing. The latter is mainly focused on the role of a nurse in the care of patients undergoing invasive interventions and describes some nursing problems that may occur in these patients. The importance of communication between nursing staff and patients is highlighted. The qualitative inquiry took place in the form of non-standardized interviews and observation. The interviews were recorded on a dictaphone and transcribed subsequently. Two interviews, on which case reports were based, were made with 5 respondents in total. The case reports were completed with synoptic tables presenting the problems described in the case reports. The investigation took place at the standard Department of Cardiology of the České Budějovice Hospitál, Inc. The case reports include both interviews, before and after an invasive intervention, stating the most frequent problems of respondents. They reflect nurse{\crq}s approach to the care of patient and, last but not least, the level of doctor s and nurse{\crq}s awareness. I can state according to the achieved results that the set goals were reached. The results of this thesis will be provided to the management of the medical facility where the investigation was performed. They may serve to eliminate the described problems related to invasive interventions. The thesis may also be presented at nurse seminars, conferences and in professional magazines for nurses.
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Medical documentation and personal electronic health card
JANOCHOVÁ, Jiřina
Medical records are being adjusted to match the practical way of understanding an illness as a disorder in the balanced state of the organism. This approach has also modified opinions regarding the form of medical documentation, the determination of necessary examinations and treatment. The progress in medicine along with the growing need for specific medical information made it necessary to look for new ways of making medical information available. One of these ways is to make the system of health care documentation electronic. The main tool of this system is an electronic health card. The objective of my work was to find out the following: the extent of utilization of electronic health cards; doctors´ opinions regarding the use of electronic medical documentation; the attitude of patients to medical documentation and the willingness of doctors to join the IZIP project of electronic health cards. Two hypotheses were checked for the purpose of the graduation work. Hypothesis no. 1 {--} Medical personnel expect that the project of electronic health cards will speed up the process of providing information about patients´ state of health. Hypothesis no. 2 {--} Health care facilities are willing to keep electronic documentation only if they receive compensation for increased administrative activities. To check the hypotheses, the author used the method of quantitative research. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire. The research was carried out between January and March 2009. The research was performed in health care facilities in South Bohemia represented by private doctors. 200 questionnaires were printed out. 152 of these could be fully used for the research. Hypothesis no. 1 was confirmed since 58% of the people who filled out the questionnaire agreed with the statement that the project of electronic health cards would accelerate the process of sharing information about patients´ state of health. Hypothesis no. 2 was not confirmed. There are two main problems preventing the use of IZIP; one of them is that patients are not interested and the other that doctors do not trust the system. That is why the necessary information is not always found in the IZIP since some health care facilities do not work with the system. Doctors would have to be forced or sufficiently motivated to transfer to the use of electronic medical documentation and they would have to change their negative attitude to modern technologies. This work could extend the information about medical documentation and electronic health cards among health care providers and the broader public and give feedback to people working in health care facilities.
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Ethical linkage of the right to the awareness of the patient´s health
SAMCOVÁ, Daniela
This bachelor paper is called {\clqq}ethical links of the patients` right to be informed of their state of health``. This work consists of a theoretic part and a research part. The theoretic part describes the present state of the given subject. I mention here some important terms and the history of this topic. There also belongs, among others, informed consent and hermeneutic aspect of health care. The research part deals with hypotheses and the results of the followup research. The research was carried out at surgical and gynaecological and obstetrical wards. Respondents were deliberately recruited from among patients, nurses and doctors so that I could compare the responds of the three questioned groups. The aim of my paper is to check to what extents the rights of patients to chose which of the close people be informed of their state of health are respected form the point of view of ethics. I also try to find out in this paper if patients are contented with they are informed about methods and course of tretment and with the communication betwen them and nurses and doctors and present them in graphs for clearer arrangement.
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