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Taking Nitroglycerine from Nursers´point of View
GUTOVÁ, Alena
The undergraduate thesis, concerning the topic of {\clqq}The nursing implication of the usage of nitroglycerin``, presents the up-to-date situation, the goals of the thesis and the hypotheses, methodology, the results, the discussion and the conclusion. The up-to-date situation of given issue of the thesis summarises the diseases of cardiovascular system, such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, thromboembolic disease, sudden coronary death. This part is also dedicated to the hereditary transmission of cardiovascular diseases, the proportion of risk factors on the development of cardiovascular diseases. Further it describes in details the mechanism of the effect of nitrates. The thesis is also concerned with the role of the nurse in clinical care, the patients´ awareness, communication and education of the nitrates users. The closing part of the chapter presents the examples of nursing diagnoses.
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Change in men´s lifestyle after acute myocardial infartion
BENOVÁ, Jana
The Czech Republic is numer one in the mortality and morbidity due to cardio-vascular diseases. It is evidence that the incidence of cardio-vascular dieseases can be influenced positively by primary prevention as to the lifestyle of the population and that the secondary prevention can improve the lifequality of patiens, diminish thein mortality and morbidity and reduce the numer of recurrences and complications. The degree work on the subjekt {\clqq}Change in the lifestyle of men after an acute myocardial infarct`` is in its general part concentrated on risk factors connected with cardio-vascular diseases, on a self-contained system of rehabilitation, on prevention (primary, secondary, tertiary) and on the welfare system in the Czech Republic. The risk factors connected with cardio-vascular diseases can be dividend into influenceable ones (nutrition, smoking, lack of physical exercise, alkohol consumption, hypertension, dyslipoproteineme, diabetes mellitus, obesity), into uncontrollable ones, (age, sex, genetic factors) and into behavioural ones, among which count psychosocial and economic factors. The mail aim of the work was to establish the extent as to the occurrence of risk factors in relation to men, who underwent an acute myocardial infarct and to determine the posibility of involving them in an active change in the lifestyle. The research proceeded in the form of questionnaires distributed at cardiological out-patients` departments in the region of Příbram.The data collection was under way from November 2009 to February 2010. The research was quantitative, the questionnaire was anonymous, in printed form, contained 29 questions and the respondents answered in writing. One thousand questionnaire were distributed, where of 231 fully completed questionnaires came back. The return rate of questionnaires were destined only for men, who underwent an acute myocardial infarct (two fundamentals identifications marks). I arrived to two hypotheses. The first was that the education of population played an important role in occurrence of cardio-vascular diseases and in awareness of influence of the lifestyle on reducing the risks connected with the development of these diseases. The second hypothesis was that the secondary prevention of risk factors connected with cardio-vascular diseases was not effetively and regorously applied to men, who underwent myocardial infarct. Both hypothese of mine proved to be right. The doctors and the learned public are doubtless well informed of the prevention and therapy as to the cardio-vascular diseases. The question is how effectively the professional information and recommendations find their way into the subconsciousness of our population. The research results show that an imaginary gap arises between recommended advices relating to the change in the lifestyle and in the positive influencing of influenceable and behaviour risk factors, the doctors give in thein routine practice. It is neccessary to create programmes of intervention in the lifestyle within the scope of a self-contained rehabilitation system. This system is applied on the occasion of spa care in the Czech Republic. The effect of the spa care is shortterm, lasts half a year to one year and there is no direkt further contact of the patient with dietary centres and with specialized physiotherapists. The recommendations concerning the change in the lifestyle should be popularized in the society as a whole in order to find their way into the wide subconsciousness of our population.
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The knowing of laic community about high- risk factors, prevention and symptoms of vascular brain stroke
VYCHYTILOVÁ, Renata
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA, ictus) is a critical state in neurology, when due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain the local or total damage of brain functions occurs. Only one third of patients with this diagnosis are completely cured. The possibilities how to improve this situation is first of all an early hospitalization of ill in their acute stadium of the disease and an appreciation of preventive care significance. The main risk factors are: age, heredity, high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol, drugs, obesity, stress, lack of physical activity, improper nutrition. The crucial significance for prevention is the regulation of life-style, e.g. sufficient physical activity, proper nutrition and the absence of smoking. Also regular check-ups which can reveal high blood pressure, high level of cholesterol and diabetes mellitus in time are important. The prevention also includes the education focused on CVA symptoms and the need to act quickly in this case because time is crucial for the treatment of ictus. The objective of the thesis is to find out the informedness of laic public on the risk factors, prevention and symptoms of cerebrovascular accident. The hypotheses concerning the knowledge of risk factors, prevention and symptoms of cerebrovascular accident were stated. For this thesis the method of questioning by the technique of a questionnaire was chosen. The questionnaire was compiled on the basis of information gained from the professional literature; it was anonymous, designed for laic public and contained 25 closed, open and semi-closed questions, which offered the choice of particular answers and the possibility to fill in respondents{\crq} opinions. The observed group was laic public in Vysočina Region. On the whole 200 respondents were addressed during February and March 2010. The criterion for the choice of respondents was laic (non- medical) public who did not experience CVA irrespective of age and education. The rate of questionnaire return was 83% out of the total number. 22 questionnaires were excluded because they were incomplete. On the whole the data from 145 questionnaires were elaborated. The hypotheses were proved; the objective of the thesis was fulfilled. Good informedness in the area of risk factors and prevention and insufficient knowledge on the symptoms of ictus were found out. The results will be published at seminars designed for medical workers in in-patient and out-patient institutions. They might contribute to better informedness of public. Further, the results will be used as the basis for the seminar on the problems of CVA and its prevention, designed for laic public.
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Reasons for using Marihuana and frequency of its use
STACHOVÁ, Veronika
The theme of my bachelor thesis is called Reasons for Using Marihuana and the Frequency of its Use. No other drug divides the professional public as much as marihuana does. New findings of international research lead to increasingly hot discussions to what extent marihuana is harmful to health and, especially, why it is so popular with young people. It remains an alarming fact that experiments with marihuana occur at lower and lower ages. Cases of first use of cannabis before the age of thirteen are no exception nowadays. Thanks to continuing scientific research, information on cannabis drugs increases, but the sufficient amount of the newly obtained data may be doubted because all prevention efforts fail especially with marihuana. On the one hand, this drug is presented as harmless and its risks are played down, and, on the other hand, absurd deterring myths are made up. This bachelor thesis investigates the motives that lead young people to using cannabis drugs, and the extent of awareness of health risks resulting from its use. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with factors that increase the risk of experimenting and thus the resulting use of marihuana, as well as the actual motives of the use of cannabis. Last but not least, it describes individual health risks. The theoretical part also deals with the theory of marihuana as the initiation drug. The investigation aim of this thesis is to find out the motives leading to the use of cannabis, and to try to survey the knowledge of health risks of marihuana users. To achieve these aims, I used the qualitative research by means of the conversation method. There are altogether eight questions concerning these areas: the circumstances and motive of the first time use of marihuana, circumstances under which the user consumes the drug, negative experiences caused by acute intoxication, the main motive of cannabis use at present, further the knowledge of health risks connected with the use of the drug and other habit-forming substances, the theory of marihuana of the gateway drug and making marihuana legal. The research set consists of secondary school pupils. Four hypotheses were established on the basis of the research results. Hypothesis No. 1: Risks connected with the use of marihuana are underestimated by the users themselves. Hypothesis No. 2: Adolescents using marihuana do not have sufficient knowledge of health risks. Hypothesis No. 3: The negative effect of marihuana (bad trip) does not motivate most of its users to abstain from it. Hypothesis No. 4: The most frequent motive of the first time use is curiosity.
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Risk factors at public health work: differences among professions in non-medical fields
LAŠTOVKOVÁ, Marie
The paper focuses on health risk factors for non-medical healthcare workers, namely general nurses and radiology assistants. Factors which may have negative impacts on healthcare workers{\crq} health affect both physical and mental health. Factors such as toxic substances, biological radiation, infectious diseases and spine and joints overloading caused by the incorrect manipulation with patients can have negative impact on physical health. Both physical and mental health is affected by stress, as well as by workers{\crq} lifestyle and education. Healthcare workers who take care of patients must be in a good physical and mental shape in order to provide quality care. Therefore, the goal of healthcare workers themselves, as well as of their employer, should be obtaining sufficient information on work safety and hygienic measures and being able to use the information in practice - they should actively participate in prevention of health damage related to the performance of their profession. The first hypothesis {--} non-medical healthcare workers are informed about risk factors associated with the performance of their profession - was confirmed. The second hypothesis - there are differences in the presence of risk factors among non-medical healthcare workers - was also confirmed; differences in the occurrence of some risk factors are clearly visible. Different healthcare professions should therefore be approached in a targeted way, with respect to the type of workplace and job description of healthcare workers. The third hypothesis {--} non-medical healthcare workers comply with preventive measures preventing health damage - was not confirmed. One of the reasons why hypotheses 1 and 2 were confirmed may be the fact that increased attention has been paid to this topic recently - standards have been made, and consequently also targeted audits. These measures have usually a positive impact - healthcare workers have gradually realized that safety measures are not useless, and by obeying them, healthcare workers protect not only patient and their surrounding, but especially themselves.
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Problems of Cigaret Smoking at the Primary Schools 6th - 9th Grade
KŘIVANCOVÁ, Jaroslava
ABSTRACT Problems of cigaret smoking at the primary schools 6th {--} 9th grade Key terms: smoking, addiction, risk factors, prevention, peer programme Thesis treats about the cigaret smoking, especially by the children at the age from 12 to 15 years. It is divided into two parts. The theoretical part amasses the data about tabaccism. It deals with origin of the addiction to nicetine. The author devotes the risk factors {--} affecting negativly the child {--} that can be subsequently the reason of the origin of his addiction. Thesis continouses by describing the prevention of the socio-pathological phenomenons as the first possible kind of the defence of the society against the cigaret smoking and drug abuse. So calles peer {--} programme /in fact the impact of the older pupils on the younger ones/ seems to be one of the most powerful preventive programmes at the school. The practical part summarizes the results of the questionnaire filled in by the pupils of the 6th and 9 th grade. It engages in their attitude toward the smoking of tobacco products.
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Osteoporosis - analysis of hazard factors and health-social consequences on postclimacterial women in Klatovy region
ŠANTOROVÁ, Markéta
The topic of bachelor thesis is Osteoporosis-Analysis of Risky Factors and Health and Social Consequences with a View to Postmenopausal Women in the Region of Klatovy. Osteoporosis is the disease of body ´s bones, which is characterized by the decrease in bone minerals amount, the decrease in bone density and the change of bone micro architecture. The consequence of these changes is the lowered quality of bone tissue and the higher risk of fractures. Generally, we can divide risky factors into three large groups: factors which can not be influenced by a patient alone (age, sex, genetic influences, geographical influences and climate conditions), which are given in advance and it is not possible to change them; further the factors which can be partly influenced by various measures, for example dietary, regime and medical measures. The last group comprises factors which can be directly influenced by an affected person, and thus only dependant on his or her will and decision (input of calcium into an organism, the influence of a diet, mobility, and bad habits). In the theoretical part the definitions associated with the title of bachelor thesis are explained: etiopathogenesis of osteoporosis, risk factors, clinical picture of this disease, examination of patients with osteoporosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, further anatomy, the structure and function of a bone, and last but not least climacterium and post menopause. For the practical part of bachelor thesis the method of data collection in the form of a questionnaire was chosen. Two questionnaires were created, of which the first comprised 17 closed questions; the second comprised 17 closed questions and 1 open question. The data was collected in the period from June 2007 to June 2008. First, 100 questionnaires were distributed; their rate of return was 100%. After the evaluation of osteoporosis measurements, 66 questionnaires were distributed to women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found; and the rate of return was 60 questionnaires. The research group was the women after menopause from the age of 45 to 80 from the region of Klatovy. The hypothesis no. 1, that the women with significant osteoporosis had 3 or more risk factors, proved, since 15 women with significant osteoporosis mentioned 3 and more risk factors. The hypothesis no. 2, that most women, in which osteoporosis or osteopeny was found by examination, would change their present lifestyle and eating habits, proved, since out of 60 questioned women who suffer from this disease 54 changed their present lifestyles. Thy hypothesis no. 3, that at least one fifth of women with the diagnosis of osteoporosis suffered some of typical fractures, is true, since out of 15 patients who have osteoporosis, 13 mentioned the fracture already in the first questionnaire, 5 women in the second questionnaire (the fracture since the last measurement). The aim of the thesis was to find out the range of osteoporosis occurrence in measured group, the analysis of risk factors, health and social impacts and consequences in a year monitoring. This aim was achieved. The thesis can be used to prevent and eliminate risk factors which can be influenced; on the basis of analysis of risk factors and life style, cultural appeal on healthy women and already ill patients will occur. Better informedness of women is the basic presumption for the prevention of osteoporosis.
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Use of Nurses' Competencies in Preventive Care of a Patient with Ischemic Heart Disease
MATSCHEOVÁ, Linda
Ischemic heart disease belongs to the most frequent diseases in developed countries. I have chosen this topic not only because I am interested in this issue but also because I work at emergency ward of internal medicine and majority of patients there suffer from this disease. There are two parts in my thesis {--} the theoretical and the research part. The theoretical part deals with heart anatomy and physiology, with epidemiology and aetiology, with risk factors, with classification, clinical picture, diagnostics, with treatment and prevention of ischemic heart disease. Further, the thesis survey educational process, roles, mission, function and competences of a nurse. The first objective of the thesis was to find out the awareness of nurses´ competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The second objective was to find out, whether nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The third objective was to find out involvement of management (head nurses, departmental nurses, shift nurses) in the secondary preventive care in patients with ischemic heart disease. The fourth objective of the thesis was to find out whether nurses use their knowledge of secondary prevention in patients with ischemic heart disease. Four hypotheses were set for the above mentioned objectives. H1: Nurses are aware of their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H2: Nurses are able to apply their competences in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. H3: Shift nurses, motivated by head nurses, are more involved in the secondary prevention in patients with IHD. H4: Nurses use their knowledge in the area of secondary prevention in patients with IHD. A questionnaire was made up to achieve the objectives and to prove or to disprove the hypotheses of this research. The questionnaire contained 24 questions {--} closed and semi-closed. The research sample was formed from nurses from South Bohemian and central-Bohemian regions. 377 questionnaires were handed out. 242 questionnaires returned and 230 of them were applicable to the research. The first, second and fourth hypotheses were proved. Shift nurses are more involved in secondary prevention in patients with IHD, however, not on the basis of motivation by head nurses, thus, the fourth hypothesis was not proved. I also revealed that nurses do not have sufficient knowledge in the area of secondary preventive care in patients with IHD. On the grounds of these results we created mental maps on ischemic heart disease and its prevention. These maps might enhance nurses´ knowledge and improve the life of patients with ischemic heart disease.
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The observation of non pharmacological possibilities of the therapy by decreasing the risk faktors of atherosclerosis from the patients view.
REICHERTOVÁ, Stanislava
Atherosclerosis and its risk factors represent one of the most significant health problems of the western civilization; they are one of the most frequent causes of death and they limit significantly the quality and length of life. Atherosclerosis also causes invalidity. More than fifty thousand people die of heart and blood vessel related diseases in the Czech Republic every year. Non-pharmacological therapy, based on changing life habits, is an integral part of treating atherosclerosis. These measures include the reduction of body weight, suitable physical activities, changes of eating habits, preventing stressful situations, and absolute termination of smoking. The objective of the paper was to find out about the awareness and subsequent observance of non-pharmacological treatment measures in patients who have been diagnosed with at least one risk factor. Nurses play a very important role in non-pharmacological treatment. Their task is to inform patients about the non-pharmacological treatment, to provide assistance in acquiring required habits, to change behaviour of patients, and to help patients cope with the care of themselves. Therefore, it was necessary to find out about nurses? education, experience, potential, time and enthusiasm for educational activities at various departments. The data for this paper was collected using a quantitative research strategy by means of questionnaire method. A questionnaire for patients contained 31 questions and a questionnaire for nurses contained 23 questions. The results were processed in a graphic form. The research was carried out at the medical inpatient department and the specialized outpatient departments of cardiology, diabetology, internal, and industrial doctor at Mulač Hospital in Pilsen. Three hypotheses were formulated: 1 Patients know the principles of non-pharmacological treatment of atherosclerosis risk factors. 2 Patients observe the principles of non-pharmacological treatment of atherosclerosis risk factors. 3 There are differences in providing education at the inpatient and outpatient departments to patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor. The research resulted in the finding that patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor know the principles of non-pharmacological treatment but they do not observe these principles. The first hypothesis has been confirmed, the second one was disconfirmed. It has also been found out the there are differences in methods and means available to nurses to provide education as impatient and outpatient facilities. The third hypothesis has been confirmed. The results of our research obtained through the work on this paper will be used as background material for nurses? educational activities and thus they may contribute to increasing the preventive measures for patients with a confirmed atherosclerosis risk factor.
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