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Druhová diverzita pavouků (Araneae) v chřadnoucích jasanových porostech v komplexu hospodářského nížinného lesa
Hečko, Daniel
The main goal of this work is to evaluate the influence of decay and death of ash trees in forest stands around lowland woodlands on the epigeic spiders. Specifically, the stands were divided into low infection, moderate infection and strong infection at the stage of decay according to the degree of attack by Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. The collection of spiders was carried out using pitfall traps between April 2017 and October 2017 in the floodplain area around Pouzdřany, Pasohlávky, Ivanovice and Vranovice in the Břeclav and Brno-venkov districts. A total of 120 species of spiders and 21 families were identified, with 5,809 individuals. The most numerous species is Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802). The highest species diversity and individual conservation indicators (degree of rareness, conservation value, number of rare and endangered spider species) were among the three highest levels of infestation and health status of the stands, which were the highest in moderate infection stands where the pathogenic fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus of vegetation and overall higher heterogeneity and structure of these stands. The results show that this had a significant positive effect on the species diversity and abundance of spiders. On the contrary, stands, which are heavily attacked and begin to grow very strongly through vegetation, have proven to be very negative for species diversity and for conservation indicators of spiders. The results show that the heterogeneity of the stands is very important for preserving the higher spider diversity. It is possible that these results are also applicable to scattered tree vegetation outside forest stands, where the trends in the diversity of the organisms under investigation in differently infested ash stands or occurring on individual ash trees can be very similar. keywords: spiders, biodiversity, lowland forests, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, arachnofauna, ash, southern Moravia
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Druhová diverzita, početnost a význam pavouků (Arachnida, Araneae) na listnatých dřevinách v arboretu Mendelovy univerzity v Brně
Bernatová, Martina
The aim of my work was to find out the species diversity and the number of spiders in the arboretum of Mendel University in Brno and also to deduce their significance and last but not least to assess the importance of arboretums, parks and other urban greenery as areas of biological diversity in urban areas. Within the research fifteen deciduous trees were selected, located in different parts of the arboretum. The spiders were collect by using two capture methods, a shaking off method and a selection of cardboard belts method. Shaking off took place within the research four times, namely 11.5.2017, 14.6.2017, 1.8.2017 and 18.9.2017. A selection of cardboard belts took place twice, 28.6.2017 and 19.10.2017. In both methods, a total of 303 adult specimens of spiders belonging to 45 species, 36 genera and 14 families were obtained and determined. The most frequently represented was the species of Philodromus cespitum, which accounted for more than a third of the captured material (over 33%). This species belongs to species capable of living even in disturbed biotopes of urbanized areas, so its considerable representation is expectable. Within the research, however, several threatened species were acquired, species that occur only in a natural, undisturbed environment. From this fact, it can be concluded that the environment of the arboretum is at least partially a natural environment for the occurrence of different species, from which it can be deduced that arboretums, parks and similar greenery in cities are indeed a place of biodiversity. This conclusion is important also for arboristic practices, as well as the fact that spiders are important invertebrate predators and can therefore be used for biological protection in cities (where it is inappropriate to use chemical preparations for plant protection) and also outside them. Endangered and rare species that have been identified in the arboretum within the research can also be used to bioindicate the quality of the environment in the arboretum and similarly spiders can be used for the bioindication in urban parks and other urban greenery as well as in open landscapes.
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Vliv a význam aktivního managementu v nížinných lesích na epigeickou faunu pavouků
Vymazalová, Pavla
In the thesis was investigated the influence and importance of active management in lowland forests on epigeic spider fauna. The research was carried out on 15 randomly chosen research plots in the NPR Děvín (The Pálava Protected Landscape Area). Together, the research took place on 15 plots with 3 tretaments on each plot: heavy thinning, moderate thinning, control plots (no management). The spiders were collected using pitfall traps when three pitfall traps in each transect were placed five meters between each other across the central axis of each research plot. The results show that locatity is characteric by high abundance and species richness of spiders. Overall, 3683 adult spiders belonging to 21 families, 70 genera and 116 species were collected and determined, including high presence of rare and endangered species. The species richness and number of conservation bioindicators had the highest values on plots where heavy thinning was applied. The abundance of spiders had the highest values in a moderate thinning, mainly due to dominant species Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer, 1802) and Trochosa terricola (Thorell, 1856). Functional diversity was significantly higher in open stands, however, the individual functional features (e.g. spider hunting strategies) were equally dispersed in all types of forest stands. The evenness of these functional groups depend on the coverage and density of vegetation. The research show that the most appropriate for biodiversity conservation in lowland forest reserves is to return to active management, but not across the whole area. It is necessary to preserve the mosaicity of lowland oak forests, it means preserve heterogeneity of microhabitats in the stand because different species and ecological groups of spiders prefer different ecological conditions. This can support the overall biodiversity of lowland forest ecosystems. In comparison with other studies, these conclusions are applicable to other groups of organisms occurring in the lowland forests of the Czech Republic.
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Dopad intenzity hospodaření na přirozené predátory škůdců ovocných dřevin
Surovcová, Martina
Capture of studied organisms was conducted from April to September in 2016, from two representative areas, bio gardens and intensive orchards. All areas are in the district of Vsetín (region of Zlín). Apple trees, pear trees, cherry trees, plum trees were shaken in organic orchards. In intensive orchards were shaken only plum trees. At each site, 10 suitable tree species were chosen as representative, where insects and spiders were shaken. 875 specimens were collected. The largest group in six orchards systems was spiders, which was found 683 specimens. The most frequent group was Philodromus sp., Philodromus albidus, Philodromus dispar, Philodromus cespitum, Nigma flavescens, Phylloneta impressa, Nuctenea umbratica, Anyphaena accentuata. The useful insect in the studied material was 192 specimens. The largest number of spiders were in ecological orchards, with a total of 470 specimens collected, useful organisms were collected in number of 106 specimens, from which the largest number was from the family Coccinellidae 54 specimens. In addition, about 30 specimens were collected from the family Formicidae and Anthrocoridae. In intensive orchards the spider abundance was lower 214 specimens were collected. Useful organisms the appeared in smaller numbers and were collected 86 specimens. The most numerous families were Coccinellidae (38 specimens). It can be concluded from the results that in organic orchards with a heterogeneous tree species, species diversity is much higher than in more intensive crops, where species diversity and abundance have a decreasing tendency with a significantly weaker overall diversity of natural antagonists. The results of this research applied on fruit trees in orchards can also be related to parks, gardens, or arboretums and other public greenery, because in these biotopes there is generally a considerable species diversity of spiders and antagonists of the class of insects, which is, however, prone to various interventions and intensity economy. This may impair their functional significance in terms of biological control of pests.
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Arachnofauna dutin hlavatých vrb
Boučková, Monika
The aim of this dissertation "Arachonofauna cavities of the head willows" was to find a cavity fauna that inhabits willow trees and point out the pollarding of willow trees as a suitable management for the formation of cavities. The chosen location for this research was Vojkovice near Židlochovice, where during the years 2018 – 2019 were examined 21 willow trees with the help of newspaper traps. Traps were always exchanged at monthly intervals. A total of 72 spiders were found, of which only 10 were adults. The most important finding of this work is the discovery of Midia midas (Simon, 1884), which represents a typical inhabitant of hollow fauna and is a highly endangered species. This finding indicates that willow cavities are also a refuge for rare species. Juvenile individuals were most represented in the Gnaphosidae family of 20 pieces. Most of the spiders found were synanthropic species, so they are close to humans.
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Způsoby podpory pavouků jako antagonistů škůdců v agroekosystémech - review
Vondrušková, Hana
The aim of this thesis was to make a review about ways to support spiders and other natural enemies of pests in agroecosystems. Spiders are important predators of insect pests on the fields, in the orchrds and in the vineyards. Spiders and other predators and parasitoids are able to control significantly the populations of pests, if there are suitable conditions on the agricultural land created for them. For them is imortant the proximity of seminatural habitat for overwintering, good conditions on the soil surface, which means covered and minimally disturbed, and last but not least not using of harmfull pesticides. In the Czech republic, the natural enemies of pests are not payed too much attention there. However, some tendencies to use them are incorporated into the czech agricultural policy.
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Tropické pavilony zoologických zahrad jako životní prostor pro necílové organizmy (pavouky) - komplexní studie
Pešan, Vojtěch
This thesis focuses ontopic regarding: „Tropical pavilions in zoological gardens as living space for nontargeted species (spiders) – complex study” is focused on generic diversity of original and non–native species (mostly spiders) in tropical and subtropical pavilions of zoological gardens in Brno and Prague. The final goal of this thesis is to gather information in local pavilions and terrariums and determinating generic diversity especially in non–native species of spiders. Collecting samples was done by land–falling traps and on a few occasions by hand. Collected samples of invertebrates species were then determinated. Main goal was to determinate, which local rare species of local and mostly non–native species occur in zoological gardens. After the determination was done the most occured species were Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Koch, 1841) in Brno ZOO and Hasarius adansoni (Audouin, 1826) in Prague ZOO. The most interesting findings were Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Theotima minutissima (Petrunkevitch, 1929) a Prodidomidae Simon family, 1884, which occurence were in Czech Republic not yet recorded. Furthermore were found few species which are in Czech Republic rare, primarily Nesticodes rufipes (Lucas, 1846).
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Fauna nepôvodných bezstavovcov tropických skleníkov botanických a zoologických záhrad sveta a Českej republiky - review
Pažitková, Petronela
The following bachelor thesis with the topic: ,,Non-native invertebrate fauna of tropical and subtropical greenhouses in botanical and zoological gardens of the world and Czech Republic – review“ is concentrating on summarization of found researches, parrticularly in Czech and Slovak Republic, after that their brief comparison with some european and other countries of the world. The thesis is divided into four main sections. In the first section is a further explanation of basic concepts related to our thesis and a short characteristics of the most significant invertebrate groups. The following section is focused on the surveys that were done in botanical and zoological gardens mainly in Czechia and Slovakia, in short, foreign researches are also mentioned. Additionally, the following section is devoted on the measures againts the invasions and it also asks a question, if these species may be somehow useful. In the last section, we have compared these surveys with each other. We can observe a regularity of the occurence of some species, or on the other side, rare findings within the regions.
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Araneofauna dutin ovocných dřevin v širším okolí obce Želetice
Bělohoubek, Jiří
The main target of this diploma thesis was to determine the number of spiders in the cavities and on the bark of fruit trees in the wider area of the village Želetice. The re-search was conducted on Prunus avium, where I chose 37 trees in two localities. Spiders have gathered in cardboard and newspaper traps within a year, I have been choosing traps every month. In total 888 traps were placed and 254 spiders were captured. Juve-nile individuals were 310 and adult 44, most represented by the family Philodromidae with 45.3% of all individuals. Spiders were divided into 11 families and 20 species, the most abundant species was the Nuctenea umbratica. Most spiders were in November, 52 individuals. Proportion between the placement of the trap was 56 % of spiders on the bark and 44 % of spiders in the cavity.
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Průseky pod elektrickým vedením jako šance pro světlomilné druhy organizmů
Lišková, Zuzana
In the framework of the bachelor thesis, were examined the power line corridors as a chance for heliophilous species of organisms with a focus on spiders. The aim of my bachelor thesis was to place earth traps on suitable passages of power line corridors, to deduce the influence on the observed group in researched power line corridor, in my case spiders and to discuss the optimal solution of management under the power lines. The collection of spiders took place near the village of Popůvky from May to September 2017 and was collected once a month. Eight ground traps were placed in a line perpendicular to the power lines. A total of 166 spider specimens were captured and determined. From this result 65 were juveniles and they were divided into five families and 101 were determined to 29 species. The research included a comparison of indivi-dual living demands. Xerothermic spider species were taken in the power line corridor. In addition to common species, threatened species appeared here as well. The results show a positive effect of the power line corridor on the spiders compared to the forest. According to comparison of other works, this conclusion can also be applied to other invertebrate species occurring in power line corridors.
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