|
|
Pollution produced carp general, depending on the fullness of the digestive tract.
HAVLÍNOVÁ, Šárka
The aim of my bachelor thesis was to determine and compare the differences in the levels of pollution produced by fish through their metabolic activities depending on the fullness of their digestive tract. The pollution production was detected in 4 groups of fry of the common carp: 1) the fish had no access to food for 2 days before the beginning of the experiment; 2) the fish did not eat for 10 days before the beginning of the experiment; 3) the fish had a limited food intake (pellets KP1) before the beginning of the experiment; 4) the fish accepted spontaneously feed (2% by weight of the stock). The experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. In the beginning of the experiment, the fish of individual groups and known weight were placed in experimental aquariums filled with 20 l of tap water. The experiments took 24 hours and after that the fish were moved back into its origin tank. Water from the experimental aquariums was filtered through a screen with 40 micrometr mesh size. Both, filtered water ("aqueous phase excrements") and solids ("solid phase excrements") were analysed. Solids were analysed for a content of dry matter, total phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Filtered water was analysed for a concentration of suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn, and CODCr) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Aqueous phase excrements was filtered again through a glass filter (1.2 micrometr) and the filtrate was analysed for concentration of ammonia nitrogen [N (NH3 + NH4+)], nitrate nitrogen [N-NO3-] and orthophosphate phosphorus [P-PO43-]. Pollution detected in solids and in filtered water was related to 1 kg of live weight of fish per day. The parameters characterizing pollution excreted by fish achieved in the 4th group i.e. fish, which accepted spontaneously feed the highest values. The fish of this group secreted on average of 4,154 mg.kg-1.day-1 of suspended solids (particles 1.2 micrometr), 105,5 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total phosphorus and 1,342 mg.kg-1.day-1 of total nitrogen. In the aqueous phase excrements, there was detected on average of 637 mg.kg-1.day-1 of ammonia nitrogen 4.9 mg.kg-1.day-1 of phosphate phosphorus.4,561 mg.kg-1.day-1 of CODCr, 2,634 mg.kg-1.day- 1 of BOD5. The values detected in the other groups were times lower.
|
|
|
Basic haematological parameters and their influencing by pollutants in common carp a review
POLANSKÁ, Daniela
The objective of this study was to describe the methods of determining the main haematological parameters and obtain as much information as possible about pollutants that may influence them. The subject of this thesis is the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). As far as pollutants are concerned, I focused on nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrite and cyanide), metals (Zn, Cu, Fe), heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr), petroleum substances, pesticides (organophosphates, triazines and diazines, pyrethroids), pharmaceuticals and natural supplements and persistent organic pollutants. Collected information imply that heavy metals and pesticides have the most important effect on haematological parameters of the common carp. Heavy metals cause changes in haematological parameters and cell anomalies and pesticides may cause haematopoietic failure, which especially means a decrease of number of red blood cells, the concentration of haemoglobin, the haematocrit value and the changes in the presence of different leukocyte forms. This study summarizes the knowledge of the effects of the aforementioned pollutants and highlights the danger of their effect as well as the possible threat to fish health, not just of the common carp. The information dealing with the effects of many pollutants on the blood parameters of fish is missing in available scientific literature.
|
|
|
Vliv syntetických progestinů na vývoj gonád kapra obecného
PROFANT, Vít
This paper was focused on effect of synthetic progestins on gonadal development in fish. A 160-day chronic test on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), was run underlaboratory conditions. The fish was divided into five experimental groups. The first control group included clear diluted water without any occurrence of progestins. The second control group was kept in diluted water with dissolving agent DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). The third group of fish was exposed to gestogene at a concentration level of 2 ng.l-1 and the fourth group was exposed to drospirenone at a concentration level of 2 ng.l-1. The last group (Mix) was exposed to gestogene and drospirenone simultaneously, where both substances corresponded to the concentration of 2 ng.l-1. The experimental groups were dosed with progestins dissolved in DMSO, since they have lipophilic nature. The determination of the influence of synthetic progestins on the gonadal development was based on histological examination of the exposed fish samples in toto. There was any signifficant difference in fish sex ratio and in percentage of intersex occurrence between the groups that wwere exposed to individual synthetic progestins and the control groups. However, the exposure of the mixture of drospirenone and gestogene (Mix) showed a significant difference. Primarily, a high percentage of intersex was detected with the number reaching 36.6 %. The occurrence of intersex suggested a twist in sex of exposed fish through ontogenesis.
|
|
|
The influence of the Earth magnetic field on communication strategy of roebucks and fishes
Brus, Radek ; Hart, Vlastimil (advisor) ; Mrkvičková Kořanová, Diana (referee)
This thesis focuses on the communication strategies of roe deer and fish. Roe deers live from April to September territorial way, they live the remaining part of the year in common groups. To territory marking roe deers using chemical and optical biocommunication- breaking antlers and raking. This work is also focused on our most common fish carp. From Czech fish only carps intensive jumps out of the water, which could be one of the modes of communication. The carp is shoal fish, it lives social way of life. Carp is the most active in summer, in the summer is also the most jumps. After the data showed that carps and roe deers are oriented in the north-south axis, with a preference of north. The resulting vector in the direct observation of raking roe deers 7,5 ° and jumping carps out of the water 341.5 ° confirm magnetoreception in both species.
|
|
|
Effect of changes in the magnetic field on the behavior of common carp
Švrčula, Daniel ; Hart, Vlastimil (advisor) ; Svoboda, Jan (referee)
The main topic is the effect of changes in Earth's magnetic field on the behavior of common carp, with a focus on fish farming, as part of associated forest production. The ability of animals to perceive the magnetic field has been demonstrated countless times, but it is still not clear how animals perceive and process information that it provides the geomagnetic field. The theoretical part focuses on magnetorecepcia describes the various mechanisms and discovered knowledge. It also focuses on examples of the use of magnetoreception for the direct benefit of vertebrates. Characteristics of common carp and pond management, and examples of the management of common carp. The practical part is focused on the evaluation of the influence of Earth's magnetic field on common carp. Main attention is given to the positional behavior, as one of the manifestations of magnetoreception. For the evaluation of the data was used statistical software Oriana 4.0., which works on the principle of pie charts. The results support the theory of positional animal behavior and the influence of magnetic field on their behavior. The result is, that carps align their bodies in a north-south axis, but if a situation arises where there is unrest in the Earth's magnetic field, known as a magnetic storm, when is magnetic storm there are changes in the positional behavior. Carp did not show any directional preference. This result proves that carps respond to the changes of Earth's magnetic field.
|
|
|
Demembranation of fish sperm: Design and verification this procedure for the different species of freshwaterfish and demonstration usage of this technique by study the effect of heavy metals to sperm axoneme
BLAŽKOVÁ, Jaroslava
The object of this study is to design demembranation method on four freshwater species and its application on study of the influence of HgCl2 on the axoneme and motity sperm motility parameters. Demembranation was designed and examined for all investigated species common carp (Cyprinus carpio), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and african catfish (Clarias gariepinus). One-step and two-step method was designed and tested for common carp. One-step method was designed for sterlet and perch. Two-step method of demembranation was designed for african catfish. Demembranation was designed and examined for all species under examination. Sperm motility was evidently increased above normal physiological value. Other sperm motility parameters (velocity, percent of motile cells) slightly decreased. HgCl2 in concentration 0,01 mM to the demembranation medium didn't show effect on flagellar microtubule aparat and then to the motility parameters, except sterlet; demembranated sterlet sperm was inhibited at all used concentration of HgCl2. Concentration 0,1 mM had inhibition effect on carp and africant catfish spermatozoa. Concentration 1 mM HgCl2 inhibited sperm of all tested species.
|
|
|
Využití netradičních obilovin a krmiv rostlinného původu ve výživě kapra obecného (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Hajňuk, Dušan
The aim of this diploma thesis was to process a literature review that was focused on usage of non-traditional cereals and feed produced from plants for carps common raising (Cyprinus carpio L.). Afterwards two feeding tests were applied. These two tests were accomplished in recirculation system in Fish and hydrology department in Brno. The first feeding test was conducted from 15.5.2014 until 16.6.2014 and carp common (Cyprinus carpio L), linie of Amur mirror carp were tested. Colored wheat was compared with common wheat in the test, while different forms of adjustments were applied on cereals. Particularly, crushing and steeping. Afterwards, these components were given to the fish. Colored wheat was from Koniny variety, contained 16,6 % of nitrogen. The second feeding test was conducted from 9.3.2015 until 6.4.2015 and the same fish were applied for the testing. Three varieties of feeds were used in the test. The first variety was a feeding mixture with 5 % of cannabis moldings. The second composed 15 % of cannabis moldings and the third was a complete feeding mixture. All the fish were weighted in the beginning and in the end. In the morning and in the night the hydro-chemical parameters of water were followed. Subsequently, after the finishing the tests the production indicators (FCR, SWGR, SLGR) were evaluated based on chemical analysis of cells in fish and in the feedings. In the first test the best results were interpreted by Var.2 (colored and steeped wheat) FCR= 10,86, SWGR= 0,209 %.d-1, SLGR= 0,094%.d-1. In the second test the best results were interpreted by (15 % of cannabis moldings) FCR= 3,27, SWGR= 0,54 %.d-1, SLGR= 0,23 %.d-1.
|
|
|
Úloha regulačních proteinů pro pohyblivost rybích spermií
DZYUBA, Viktoriya
The investigation of the energetic aspects of spermatozoon motility implementation (Chapter 2) was carried out using demembranated spermatozoa of taxonomically distant fish species (common carp and sterlet). Special attention was given to the functioning of ATP regeneration systems: adenylate kinase (AK), and creatine kinase (CK). It was shown for the first time that the phosphocreatine/CK system is present in sterlet spermatozoa and plays an essential role in ATP regeneration. Spermatozoa of carp and sterlet were shown to have similar systems for ATP regeneration, while the efficacy of the studied systems differs in these species. The low baseline activity of CK in carp and AK in sterlet suggest these to be the source of the most pronounced effects of their inhibition on energy supply for flagella movement in the respective species. The presence of a maturational process during the post-testicular transit of sperm in sturgeon was recently ascertained in our laboratory (Chapter 3). This discovery prompted investigation of the factors that regulate this process including the involvement of proteolysis regulators and prooxidant-antioxidant system. As a result of this study (Chapter 3.3), we found that there was no significant difference between proteolytic profiles of seminal fluids (SF) of testicular sperm (TS) and Wolffian duct sperm (WS). It suggests that the majority of proteases present in SF of mature sperm originate in the testis. Measure of amidase and anti-proteolytic activities in the SF of sterlet sperm showed significant decrease in activities as the sperm passed through the kidneys and Wolffian ducts. Considering our observation that trypsin inhibition during in vitro TS maturation blocked the maturation process (Chapter 3.1), and based on zymography, amidase and anti-proteolytic activity determination, we think that the decrease in anti-proteolytic activity of spermatozoa surroundings during their post-testicular transit could be needed to prepare them for maturation. The present study showed that maturation of sturgeon spermatozoa and different times of storage in Wolffian ducts (in vivo storage), are accompanied by significant alterations in motility parameters as well as in SF redox balance (Chapter 4.1). A high level of TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) and a high activity of antioxidant enzymes were found in immature TS compared to those in WS. The high activity of the enzymatic antioxidant system (AOS) allows TS to cope with the deleterious effects of excessive reactive oxygen species production and to retain the ability to become motile after post-testicular transit, or after in vitro maturation. The increase in TBARS content during in vivo storage was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in activity of AOS. We suggest that extended time in the Wolffian ducts resulted in sperm oxidative damage resulting from inadequate AOS efficacy and, finally, in decreases in motility parameters. Short-term hypothermic in vitro storage of sterlet sperm resulted in a significant decrease in motility and velocity without changes of AOS activity (Chapter 4.2). It means that AOS of sterlet sperm is effective enough to prevent the development of oxidative stress during short-term storage. Short period of tench sperm exposure to hypotonic conditions was shown to induce oxidative stress and, as a result, sperm quality decline (Chapter 4.3). The combined results of the study concerning the regulation of sperm prooxidant-antioxidant status (Chapter 4) during spermatozoa maturation, motility activation and sperm in vivo and in vitro storage may confirm a dual role of reactive oxygen species (regulatory or damaging depending from the levels of their formation and elimination) in fish sperm physiology.
|
|
|
Vliv přikrmování upravenými krmnými komponenty v kapřích rybnících na kvalitu vody v recipientech
HLAVÁČ, David
Minimisation of environmental impact is a key factor in insuring the long-term sustainability of the aquacultural industry. Numerous studies have examined nutritional strategies as a means of reducing waste production and minimising the environmental impact of aquacultural waste. To achieve this goal, it is the challenge to the aquacultural industry to develop "environmentally friendly" feeds, feed management and feed production methods to reduce pollution. This applies mainly to pond farming of common carp, which plays an important role in global aquaculture. The objective of this Ph.D. thesis was to evaluate the possibilities of using modified cereals in pond aquaculture. It focused on issues that contribute to a better understanding of the interconnection between fish production, feed quality and applied feeding technologies with respect to water quality, nutrient budget, quality and quantity of natural food.
|
|
|
Vliv vybraných kardiovaskulárních léčiv nalézaných ve vodním prostředí na ryby
STEINBACH, Christoph Antonius
Cardiovascular pharmaceuticals are among the most prescribed drugs. As a result of the high consumption, these pharmaceuticals have been frequently detected in waste and surface waters. Verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol are very important representatives of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals; therefore, the present research focused on their acute and sub-chronic effects, bioconcentration, half-life time and metabolism in fish. Moreover, unified protocol for the quantitative assessment of histopathological alterations on the heart ventricle and coronary blood vessels employing heart index calculation was developed with the aim to better assess histopathological changes in fish heart which is one of the targets of cardiovascular pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. The effects caused by high concentrations of the studied substances, verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol, in fish can be considered similar to the therapeutic effects and side effects that are found in humans. The acute exposure to verapamil at the human therapeutic plasma level reduced the heart rate in common carp embryos and larvae. In addition, the acute and chronic exposure to this substance caused peripheral edema and gastrointestinal haemorrhage in carp. Similarly, the histological changes in heart and the blood vessels of the liver in diltiazem exposed rainbow trout suggested vasodilatation similar to the pharmacological effect of diltiazem in the human body. In rainbow trout sub-chronically exposed to atenolol at a human therapeutic blood plasma concentration, histopathological changes in the cardiovascular system were found. The bioconcentration of verapamil, diltiazem and atenolol in fish can be classified as low. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of verapamil in whole body homogenates of common carp ranged between 6.6 and 16.6. The BCF of diltiazem was also relatively low (0.5-194) in analysed tissues of trout, following the order kidney liver muscle blood plasma. BCF of atenolol in rainbow trout tissues was the lowest among the tested substances (BCF = 0.002-0.27), following the order of liver > kidney > muscle. In the blood plasma, the concentration of atenolol was below the limit of quantification. Verapamil showed a longer half-life time (10.6 days) in fish compared to the human body, indicating the slow rate of biotransformation and/or elimination of verapamil in fish. Estimated half-life times of diltiazem in liver (1.5 h) and kidney (6.2 h) were in the same order of magnitudes as those determined for the human blood plasma. The half-life time of atenolol in trout was not studied, because of its very low bioconcentration. In diltiazem exposed rainbow trout, 8 groups of metabolites of diltiazem with 17 different isoforms were identified using liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. Diltiazem was found to undergo a biotransformation involving desmethylation, desacethylation and hydroxylation in fish. These results showed that diltiazem was metabolised in fish in a similar way like in the human body by desmethylation and desacethylation. On the other hand, hydroxylation, which was involved to a minor extent, seemed to be species specific. Verapamil had no effect on early life stages of common carp at the environmentally relevant concentration after one month lasting exposure. On the other hand, atenolol and diltiazem in environmentally realistic concentrations caused after 42-day exposure some physiological changes in rainbow trout. Namely, atenolol affected haematological and biochemical parameters of the blood in exposed rainbow trout and diltiazem caused changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in trout liver and gills. These data indicated that atenolol and diltiazem, when present in the aquatic environment, could be a source of sub-lethal detrimental effects in fish.
|
guest ::
