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Health literacy of seniors in pharmacology.
BEDNÁŘOVÁ, Rita
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of health literacy of seniors in the field of pharmacology. The aim of the work was to find out, which skills and abilities seniors have, to understand, search and use information, services, and tools related to pharmacology. Thanks to these social and cognitive skills, seniors can have greater control over their health, they can make good decisions about their health condition, and they can maintain and support their health in general. The second aim of this thesis was to find out what problems the seniors encounter in the daily use of medicaments and what aspects make them the most difficult. With today's overusing drugs, seniors face more than one problem and it is affecting their quality of life and whole drug therapy. To achieve my goals, I have used quantitative research, using questionnaires. The examined sample was male and female from the age of 65 and the total number of respondents was 120. I set 2 goals with eight related hypotheses. Based on the gained results, out of the eight hypotheses, two of them were accepted and six of them were rejected. Based on the gained information from the research, in collaboration with graphic designer Dominika Pýchová, I created a stylized illustration (Annex 2), which could be introduced in the packaging to simplify pharmacy's using by seniors and simplify the information from information flyers. The reason, why seniors don't read the information flyers is the fact, that printed letters are too small and not readable. I was present while filling out the questionnaires and that is why I found out, that seniors would welcome better and uniform drug list which would make them easier to use. That's why I redrew the American version of the drug list, which is listed in (Annex 3). Overall research shows that half of the seniors are using more than 5 drugs, they have bigger problem of knowing the effects of drugs than knowing their names. Almost nobody knows the side effects of the drugs, as well as a clinical pharmacist who would facilitate pharmacotherapy in many cases. Practitioners do not check their patients' medication, and in many cases, when hospitalized, practitioners find out that the patient is taking unnecessary medication or even those that have not been prescribed for a long time. As long as the seniors do not improve their knowledge with help from practitioner and nurse, or by introducing of drug list's regular checks, seniors will be in alarming danger and their health literacy will not improve but it will be further reduced.
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Effect of pharmaceuticals present in recipients of STP in fish.
KUBATA, Michal
Volume of consumed antibiotics in developed countries have increased eminently in past few decades. These substances are excreted from human body in various abundance and end up in the sewage. Sewage water flow to sewage treatment plants to be partly cleaned and finaly discharged to surface waters. Pharmaceutical residuals leaking to water environment of recipients affect local biota. Impact of pharmaceutical residuals present in biological pond Čežárka was assessed in this study. Čežárka biological pond (2,6 ha) is a recipient of discharged waters of sewage treatment plant in Vodnany, the town with 7 000 inhabitants. Biological ponds are good solution for final treatment of wastewater discharged from sewage treatment plant efluents. The nutrients from wastewater may enter the food chain of pond ecosystem. In total 62 pharmaceuticals were identified in water of sewage pond. Fish exposed in the pond for 30, 90, 180, 320 and 360 days were compared with fish of control group. Growth, condition of fish and biomarkers including level of vitellogenin in blood plasma, lipid peroxidation rate, antioxidative activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and superoxide dismutase were compared. The study proved the environmental impact of STP dischanrge containing pharmaceutical residuals in fish. Significant adaptation of fish to environment of biological pond was observed after 90 days of exposure.
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Monitoring of the pharmaceuticals and pesticides occurrence in the upper part of Blanice river using passive sampling approach
VLK, Pavel
The goal of this thesis was to determine the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at the upper part of Blanice river. The spring of the river is located in the Military area Boletice. In this area is minimal incidence of people and minimal land use. It was assumed minimum level of pollution at this part of the monitored area. Higher pollution level was supposed in the downstream part of the monitored area relating to higher population density and agriculture. POCIS passive samplers were used for collecting samples. Analysis were performed by liquid chromatography. There were 201 substances (127 pharmaceuticals, 74 pesticides). The concentrations of 27 substances (18 pharmaceuticals, 9 pesticides) were above the limit of quantification. The lowest level of pollution was found at Spalenec site with total pharmaceuticals and pesticides concentration 83.9 ng. POCIS-1. The highest level of contamination was found at the site Černý stream - 618.9 ng. POCIS-1. However this is only a small stream. The second highest contamination was found in the Rechle site close to the inlet to Husinec drinking water reservoir. Total level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides at this site was amounted to 482 ng. POCIS-1. In the upper part of the monitored catchment area is relatively low level of settelment and use of landscape. There is also low level of pharmaceuticals and pesticides pollution. At the Řepešín mill is forestry landscape changing to agricultural landscape and number of inhabitant is rising up. From this site pollution increases considerably in the landscape. This effect was then reflected in our results. Some substances in the environment change its chemical properties and become persistent. Therefore they are present in the landscape long time after their prohibition for using (e.g. hexazinone, DEET). The Husinec water reservoir reduces the amount of contaminants in the water of Blanice river. This effect was more pronounced for pharmaceuticals than pesticides.
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Carbamazepine - a study on the input to surface waters
Hromádková, Lucie ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Anticonvulsant carbamazepine is a pharmaceutical, which is necessary to be taken continuously. Moreover carbamazepine and its metabolites are resistant to microbial degradation and sorption onto sludge in present municipal wastewater treatment plants. Therefore carbamazepine and its metabolites pass through WWTP and are constantly discharged to surface waters. Concentrations of carbamazepine measured in surface waters are too low to cause acute toxicological effects, but chronic toxicological effects or synergic effects with other pharmaceuticals cannot be excluded. Due to its physico-chemical properties carbamazepine is recalcitrant to degradation in surface waters and in soil, thus it infiltrates through bedrock to ground water. So far there is not enough information on behaviour and effects of metabolites of carbamazepine in surface waters. Besides carbamazepine, also other pharmaceuticals are nowadays often detected in surface and ground water and in the soil. Furthermore, as the population grows the consumption of pharmaceuticals increases as does their input into environment. However, given the risks, which pharmaceuticals in the environment entail, it is necessary to reduce additional input of these micropolutants into environment. As pharmaceuticals can enter the environment by many pathways, there...
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The mechanisms of specific polutants impact on aquatic communities.
Vaněčková, Hana ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Hořická, Zuzana (referee)
With a decrease of classic pollution of water ecosystems the importance of PPCP (pharmaceutics and personal care products) increases. Their amount is increasing due to human consumption and thus the input into municipal wastewater and consequently into the surface water, eventually into the ground water increases as well. This bachelor work is a review of scientific literature in the field of PPCP water load. The goal is resuming the results of the studies of the influence of these substances on freshwater aquatic communities. In the beginning the sources of the variability (in time and space) of the concentrations of these substances in rivers are resumed. But the rate of affection of the aquatic communities depends even on the length of exposure, which is longterm with regard to the continuous flow of substances from wastewater treatment plants. That is why the effect of long-term incidence on aquatic communities is intensively studied. The emphasis is put on the incidence of endocrine disruptors (substances disrupting the endocrine system), which affect e.g. the oestral cycle of some kind of exposed populations. There are observed changes in the way of perception of a predator by his prey whereas the escape reactions of the prey happen to be affected. The additive effect of ixtures of...
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Vliv hormonů a léčiv na životní prostředí
Pospíšilová, Eliška
Bachelor thesis is focused on the theme "Influence of hormones and pharmaceuticals on the natural environment". The introduction describes the basic concepts associated with this issue (pharmacology, drugs, hormones, environmental pollutants or PPCPs). Part of the thesis is devoted to the basic division of selected drugs according effect. Following part is focused on selected drugs and their toxic effects on non-target organisms. Subsequently, there are mechanisms which serve to remove these drugs from the environment. The final chapter is listed statistic best-selling drugs in the Czech Republic in the period 2008 - 2014.
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Occurence of beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers in aquatic environment and their influence on fish
BERANOVÁ, Petra
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to make an overview of distribution of beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers, their occurrence in aquatic environment and their impact on fish. Analysis of data obtained from the website of the State Instiute for Drug Control, which was carried out in Excel revealed, that 53 643 kilograms of beta-blockers and 24 472 kilograms of calcium channel blockers was distributed in the Czech Republic in 2011. Metoprolol, acebutlol and atenolol reached the largem volume of distribution among aktive ingredients in the group of beta-blockers. Verapamil, amlodipin and diltiazem were TOP 3 calcium channel blockers. These drugs are generally the most sold in the world and they can be found in surface waters in the Czech Republic and worldwide at concentrations rating from tens to hundreds ng.l-1 . The reason for this is the low removal rate of beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers in wastewater treatment plants, which ranges from 11 to 76%. Toxicity tests on fish with metoprolol, propranolol, atenolol, verapamil and diltiazem have shown the effect of this pharmaceuticals on e.g., reduction of fecundity, hatchability or heart rate. Various histopatological changes on the liver and heart or malformations of early developmental stages of fis have been also reported. The lowest concentrations of the tested substances at which these effects were observed, ranged mostly from values g.l-1 to mg.l-1, i.e. these concentrations were higher than those commonly found in surface waters. However, some effects were observed also at environmentally relevant concentrations. Due to prolong-term exposure on the organisms beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers may represent a threat to aquatic ecosystems. A solution could be to improve the mechanism for removal of pharmaceuticals in the sewage treatment plants.
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Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in the middle part of the Yangtze River. Literature rewiew compared to results from passive samplers POCIS.
KUBATA, Michal
Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in the middle part of the Yangtze River. Literature review compared to results from passive samplers POCIS. Pollution of water environment by pharmaceuticals is becoming a major problem in recent years. Amount of discharged pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) is continually increasing in number and volume as well. The Yangtze basin is one of the world's most populated areas and its development is still growing. The goal of this thesis is to compare results from previous studies with concentrations of pharmaceuticals which were detected in POCIS samplers. Passive samplers were deployed in 10 localities in the middle part of the Yangtze River from October 12 to October 22, 2013. Temperature of water was from 20 to 21°C. Instrumental analysis was based on LC-MS/MS method. The passive sampling method was very succesful in detecting of pharmaceuticals. Range of detected substances was 39 PPCP. In our study, the total concentration of target substances ranged from 36 to 757 ng . POCIS-1 in respektive sites. The most abundant group were antibiotics. Several studies, which were aimed to asses the presence of pharmaceuticals in the river have been made to date. Authors of cited studies detected 36 pharmaceutical compounds. Influential substances were sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, indomethacine and ibuprofen. Their maximal concentrations reached more than 200 ng . l-1. Methods of the previous measurements consisted in collecting samples of surface water or sediments. Detection of polar micropollutants by using passive sampling is relatively new approach. Unfortunately it is not possible to compare results from water samples with data analysed in POCIS directly. There are calculations available only for limited range of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Moreover most sampling rates were calculated in controled laboratory conditions only. There are many factors that can influence results of the filed measurements for example water temperature, turbulence conditions, fluctuation of concentration, biochemical degradation of substances during storage, etc. Amounts of concentration are mostly influenced by dilution in the river. Presence of individual substances depends on composition of using pharmaceuticals in particular area.
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Farmaka a další chemikálie pro osobní potřebu člověka - jejich stabilita a osud ve vodním prostředí
GOLOVKO, Oksana
The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of sample storage on analysis, the seasonal changes in concentrations and removal efficiencies (REs) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and the photostability of pharmaceuticals under different sources of light were studied. Data obtained from stability studies showed that storage conditions had a significant impact on the stability of samples, and thus were very important for reliable determination of target compounds. The season can have an important influence on the variability of concentration and elimination of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in WWTPs throughout the year. The target analytes were 10 antibiotics, 4 antidepressants, 3 psychotropics, 2 antihistamines, 2 lipid regulators, 4 UV filters, 3 analgesics/anti-inflammatories, and 9 anti-hypertensive/cardiovascular drugs. Wastewater samples (136 influents and 136 effluents) were collected from March 2011 to February 2012 and analyzed using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The concentration of most pharmaceuticals was higher in winter. In most cases, elimination of PPCPs was insufficient, and removal rates varied strongly from 38% to 100%. There were significant seasonal trends in the observed REs, which decreased in winter. Photodegradation of 88 pharmaceuticals was investigated in buffered purified water. These experiments were performed both in sunlight and in the laboratory under artificial UV light. We found that photostability of PPCPs depends on the light sources, and that the rate of photolysis was slower under artificial UV light in most pharmaceuticals.
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IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL POLLUTION ON FISH LIVING IN A SMALL STREAM
HORA, Vojtěch
Main objective of this thesis is evaluation of the impact of extraneous substances that enter Živný stream through the WWTP Prachatice onto the stream's fish population. Brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) was selected as a sampling organism. Sampling was conducted in 2012 using an electrical aggregate at three locations. The sample counted a total of 36 fish. Subsequently there was conducted blood sample and tissue analysis using selected biomarkers (vitellogenin and EROD). Furthermore, an analysis of fish tissue and water samples was made to identify presence of selected extraneous substances.Concentration of vitellogenin in blood plasma of male fish in the controled location was zero, in polluted location the average concentration varied between 275 and 573 ng.ml-1. Concentration of vitellogenin in blood plasma of female fish was the lowest at a location directly downstream the WWTP (7 185 823 ng.ml-1). At other locations, the average concentration ranged between 9 250 302 - 11 614 177 ng.ml-1. The activity of liver detoxifying enzymes (EROD) was the highest at polluted locations, between 63,9 - 87,4 pmol.mg-1protein.min-1. In the controled location was the lowest activity EROD (5,4 pmol.mg-1protein.min-1). The result of identification of selected extraneous substances in fish tissues (liver) and in the water is a sum of all detected pharmaceuticals. In fish tissues was the sum of all detected pharmaceuticals in the range from 20,8 to 138,8 ng.g-1, while in water it varied between 0,07 - 3,00 ?g.l-1. The highest values were again measured in polluted areas. The results of the analyses conducted imply, that the present concentrations of extraneous substances in Živný stream downstream from Prachatice have a negative impact onto live organisms.
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