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Monitoring of radiation stress of pacients during radiographic examination in FNKV Prague
SEDINOVÁ, Monika
Abstract In my Bachelor´s thesis I dealt with the X-ray burden to which patients were exposed during the skiagraphic examination at the Radiodiagnostic Clinic of the Královské Vinohrady Teaching Hospital in 2008 and 2009. The goal of the thesis was to optimize the dose of X-rays during skiagraphic examination, while maintaining the highest possible quality of the skiagram, and to propose an optimum solution in terms of the control of exposure of the population. I have tried to compare the radiation burden on the patients in analogue and digital skiagraphy using standart protective aids, and to analyze the radiation burden on the patients during skiagraphic examinations. Calculations partly confirmed the hypothesis that the radiation burden on the patients may be reduced not only by setting appropriate exposure parameters, but mainly through different image systems and their optimization
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"Radiographic examination of premature infants using a mobile x-ray unit"
DUPAČOVÁ, Markéta
My thesis deals with the issues of X-raying of premature infants by means of a mobile X-ray device. I have concentrated on chest skiagraphy of prematurely born children, on mobile diagnostic technology, on X-raying techniques, on the correct imaging procedure, X-ray image quality, but also on radiation protection and radiation load the infant organism is exposed to during skiagraphy. My aim is to apply the experience in X-raying of premature infants by means of a mobile skiagraph and to compare the X-ray image quality and radiation load obtained in two different devices and techniques. I performed the comparison of radiation load and X-ray image quality on a sample of prematurely born children examined at the Radio-diagnostic Department of Písek Hospital in 2007 through 2010. The experience in application of the mobile diagnostic technology in a special group of patients obtained from this research may also be applied at further workplaces involved in the same field.
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The imaging methods and their utilization in diagnostic on non-injury ventral emergencies
MAREK, Radovan
I have aimed my research in my bachelor work to the most frequent used radiological display methods in the sphere of the sudden uninjured abdomen incidents- the roentgen display of the abdomen, calculating tomography and ultrasound. The roentgen and the calculating tomography work with the ionizing ray source, they are the radiating source for the patient. The radiographer must uncodicially know all rules and methods of the radiological protecting leading to the reduction of the radiological dosis for the patient in the time of the radiological examination. In the first part of my bachelor work, I have tried to set the share of the utilization of the above mentionned single display modalities in the group of patients with the diagnosis of the sudden uninjured abdomen incident or with the suspicion of it, and in this way to determine in the clinical praxis the most used display method taking into account the high reliability and recovery of the method used for the concrete sort or group of the accute abdomen disease. In the second part of my bachelor work on account of the dosis intensity of the researched radiological examines, I have determined a method, which means for the patient the highest radiating load and the concrete process, how the radiographer can reduce the radiating intensity at the examine with the source of the ionising emission.
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Radiation load of patients in the x-ray examination of the lungs
POKORNÁ, Adéla
The goal of this paper was to compare the radiation load of patients on the RTG examination of lungs by different screening methods used at the Radio-diagnostic Clinic of the Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady in Prague. The measurement was made using thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLD) located in the anthromorphous phantom. From the values measured, the effective doses were calculated and the values obtained were compared both to each other, and to the data available in the literature. The results confirmed that the use of the soft method leads to a significant increase of both the surface dose (the dose on the skin), and the effective dose.
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Renal colic - Intravenous excretory urography versus Native examination of uropoetic´s system on spiral CT
CHALUPOVÁ, Dana
Renal colic - intravenous excretion urography versus native examination of the uropoietic system using a spiral CT scan This thesis presents a comparison of two imaging techniques that are most frequently indicated for diagnosis of renal colic. These are intravenous excretion urography and native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan. By comparing the following aspects, I would like to contribute to the complete elimination of the indication of intravenous excretion urography and replace it with spiral CT scanning. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that native examination of the abdomen and pelvis using a spiral CT scan is more beneficial and more suitable both for the diagnosis and for the patient. Within the thesis, I also compare the aspects of radiation burden, time and financial requirements and last but not least the overall burden on the patient over the course of the examination. The comparison was performed by calculating a typical effective dose in a sample of fifty patients examined by intravenous excretion urography and fifty patients examined by spiral CT scan. The results are shown in graph format. These results did not confirm the hypothesis that the radiation burden is lower in spiral CT scanning. The doses determined in my thesis are up to three times higher in the CT scan. In financial terms, both imaging techniques have been evaluated as almost comparable and the price of the examination should not influence selection of the method. Spiral CT scanning is much more beneficial when comparing the time needed for performance of the two techniques. The results pertaining to the radiation burden for patients during spiral CT scanning suggest how important the radiology assistant?s ability is in influencing the size of the effective dose by the proper selection and inspection of the exposure parameters when selecting the examination protocol. This statement is further strengthened when comparing the results of this work with those of foreign studies, where the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scanning was one to four times lower than my results of effective doses. The effective doses obtained were close to the effective doses determined during intravenous excretion urography. The objective of this Bachelor's thesis is to outline the possibilities for reducing the radiation burden on patients examined by spiral CT scan.
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RADIATION PATIENT LOAD IN DIGITAL AND CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY
KRAINA, Aleš
To implement a digital service essentially means transition from the established SFR technique (i.e. screen-film radiography) to predominantly CR (Computed Radiography) or DR (Direct Radiography). The stated methods of digitalization differ in their use of a range of types of diagnostic equipment and image digitalization devices. The utilization of individual methods can, however, lead to different results in the amount of skin entry radiation dose and organs absorbed dose in patients undergoing ionizing radiation examination. The objective of this thesis is to compare individual methods (i.e. SFR, CR, DR) generally used for image digitalization in respect of radiation stress for patients. Radiation stress was compared both by measuring entry radiation dose on phantoms and by clinical results acquired from a KAP meter. To validate clinical results, the three most often examinations have been chosen: skull, chest, and stomach examinations. This selection was affected by its frequency and amount of radiation stress. The measured results were then compared with available foreign literature. On the basis of the measurements acquired, it is apparent that Direct Radiography leads to radical reduction in radiation dose in patients. As regards Computed Radiography, it cannot be generally said whether it entails a lower dose in patients. The measured and consequently published figures imply that there are significant differences amongst individual manufactures of CR systems (for example Fuji, Kodak, Konica, etc.) which do or do not lead, in comparison with SFR, to a lower radiation stress. According to the measurements published in this thesis, it can be stated that the use of state-of-the art CR technology could lead to reduction as high as 50 percent of the radiation stress if compared to SFR.
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Confrontation of radiation dose of professional in nuclear medicine department in Hradec Králové before and after installation PET/CT, possibilities of monitoring
JANSOVÁ, Martina
This Bachelor Thesis deals with the radiation load of Nuclear Medicine employees of University Hospital Hradec Králové before and after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. Compared with usual examinations with gamma emitters and therapy with open beta emitters, the PET/CT examination method uses positron emitters and is carried out at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of University Hospital Hradec Králové (DNM UHHK). The use of positron emitters leads to increased demand in respect of radiation protection and work organisation. I made an evaluation of doses from personal dosimetry from 2004 until 2008 prior to the introduction of the PET/CT examination methodology; and year 2009 is subsequently assessed in respect of the situation after the introduction of PET/CT examinations. The results of doses are provided in tables. Film dosimeters and thermoluminescence (TL) ring dosimeters had been used for personal dosimetry until 2008. Digital dosimeters have been also used for personal dosimetry since 2009, and they are further included in the comparison of the received radiation doses of employees. The results were used for an evaluation of optimisation of radiation protection at the DNM UHHK.
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Monitoring the personnel radiation load in percutaneous interventions
SKÁCELOVÁ, Lada
The discovery of ionising radiation at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was a landmark for medicine: the methods based on the principle and effects of ionising radiation are used even in the present medicine to a considerable extent. As early as in the very beginnings, adverse affects of ionising radiation were observed, and from this early period the first references to the need of radiation protection date. The fields of medicine dealing with the application of ionising radiation, whether in the diagnosis or in the therapy of diseases, went through an extensive development in their over hundred-year history. It was in the technical sphere in particular where the most important progress was accomplished, thanks to the ever more advanced instrumentation put on the market, meeting the strict criteria of radiation protection. On the one hand, a large group of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures was replaced by new methods (based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance) that are not based on ionising radiation, and thus the patient or the attending personnel are not exposed to the harmful effects of the radiation. On the other hand, the interventional radiology has attained an unprecedented expansion. With the development of new interventional methods and procedures, the number and duration of interventions has been growing. The radiation load to which the intervening personnel are exposed has thus been rising despite the state-of-the-art instrumentation. The theoretical part of the dissertation describes the origin and types of the ionising radiation, its properties and interactions with the environment; a proportional part has been devoted to the biological effects of the radiation. The prime attention has been concentrated on radiation protection, its objectives, principles and methods of radiation protection. An overview of the current legislation and list of requirements on the radiation monitoring has been elaborated. In the chapter on personal dosimetry, the fundamental relations and quantities used in the radiation dosimetry have been described, as well as the types of personal dosimeters and protective equipment. In the practical part, the radiation load of the personnel attending percutaneous interventions in the department of interventional radiology of the Clinic of Radiology of the Teaching Hospital Olomouc was measured. Personal electronic radiation dosimeters Rados, type RAD 60S, were used. All the data obtained were processed using statistical methods, and, on the basis of the results thus obtained, the effectiveness of protection was determined, and the importance of the observation of the principles of radiation hygiene was evaluated. The presumed use of the results of this work in practice is in the optimisation of procedures and measures leading to the maximum possible reduction of the radiation load in percutaneous interventions, and to the education and guidance of personnel towards consequential compliance with all principles of the radiation hygiene.
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Algorithm of imaging methods in suspicion on pulmonary tuberculosis
MIKULÁŠOVÁ, Jana
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease which more than 8 million people are taken ill with throughout the world every year. During the last decade more than 30 million people succumbed to it. The Czech Republic succeeds in decreasing the number of TB cases, despite of it the physicians warn how dangerous is still this infectious disease. Basic diagnostic examination in pulmonary TB is an X-ray examination. Radiophotography, so called {\clqq}štítovka`` enacted remarkable part in combating TB. This apparatus was used in past for collective X-ray examination. The disadvantage of this technique is substantionally higher radiation load. In my work I dealt mostly with contemporary possibilities of radiodiagnostics in pulmonary TB examination (with regard to radiophotography). I carried out measurement of entering surface kerma with the help of water phantom in different work places, with different types of machines. In my thesis I compared examination techniques, both from the point of diagnostic yield , and from the point of patients´ radiation load. X-ray diagnostics participates in big rate in medical irradiation, which is the most important part in human irradiation from artificial radiation sources. Implementation of new diagnostic methods (especially computer tomography) resulted in important expansion of diagnostic possibilities . On the other hand, historical equipment still functions, e.g. cabin machines for imaging from the photographic plate. The most important factors affecting radiation load of patients is modern machine equipment, regular running of tests of long-term stableness and working steadiness , as well as protective aids use. In every work place with sources of ionizing radiation a permanent supervision on respecting of radiation protection rules must be ensured.
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Monitoring and comparison of radiation dose of patient and physician during examination of brain arteries with single plane (conventional) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and biplane DSA
SLAVÍKOVÁ, Jana
In experimental part I deal with measurement of radiation dose of the staff and patients in angiography examination of brain arteries.I compare the measurements with the use of single plane and biplane DSA and radiation dose of patients. The measurement was carried out with Siemens Axiom Artis Biplane machines at radiodiagnostic department in"Na Homolce"hospital. For the calculation of dose the programme Effdose version was chosen. I also compare measurement in physicians during angiography examination at radiodiagnostic department in České Budějovice hospital and in {\clqq}Na Homolce" hospital in Prague. For these purposes electronic personal dosimeters EPD Mk2 ( Siemens firm) were used. All results were worked out into graphic charts for better clarity.In the end of my work the proposals and measures, how to reduce radiation dose which is necessary in these angiography examinations, are described.
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