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Safe administration of injectable medications
VANÍČKOVÁ, Eliška
Introduction: Drug administration is an essential part of nursing practice. Following the example of other countries, the safety of drug administration is coming to the fore. Nowadays, patient safety is a key element in the provision of quality nursing care. The aim of this thesis was to map the procedure of drug administration by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes. Methodology and research sample: For the purpose of this thesis, the method of participant observation was chosen, which took place in the departments of internal medicine and surgery from August to October 2023. All observations were recorded in a pre-designed record sheet and the data were statistically analysed using SASD and SPSS software. The analysis was based on first and second level classification, contingency tables with absolute and relative frequencies and sign scheme were constructed. The results were then organised into graphs and tables. Results: The results of the thesis indicate that the nurses observed do not follow the labelling of injections to a considerable extent, which can lead to errors. Furthermore, in a significant number of cases the nurses do not take care to properly disinfect the injection site of the injectable drug, which leads to a higher likelihood of signs of inflammation at the injection site. A surprising finding was the precision in hand sanitation. This behaviour is very important because, in combination with careful disinfection of the injection site, it is more likely to prevent the introduction of infection into the patient's body. Conclusion: The thesis provides a comprehensive view on the issue of safe administration of injectable medicinal products. As a result of this work, it will be presented at a student conference and an article will be written on the subject.
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Funkční a patologické změny žaludku hostitelů reinfikovaných různými druhy a genotypy žaludečních kryptosporidií
MARKOVÁ, Marie
Representatives of the genus Cryptosporidium are intracellular parasites from the phylum Apicomplexa that parasitise the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. Within the genus, the species are divided into two groups depending on the site of infection: intestinal and gastric cryptosporidia. Infection with intestinal species is associated with watery diarrhoea, while infection with gastric species is usually asymptomatic. However, studies have indicated histopathological changes in gastric tissue during infection with these species. This work focuses on the influence of infection and reinfection with Cryptosporidium proliferans and Cryptosporidium muris CAT21 on gastric pH, morphological and pathological changes of the gastric mucosa in experimental mastomys and the mouse strains BALB/c and C57Bl6. In mice infected with C. muris CAT21, an increase in stomach pH was observed only after the primary infection; during reinfection, no increase in pH was observed on any of the days observed. In both groups, an increase in mucosal thickness was observed during infection, but was not as pronounced in BALB/c mice during reinfection as during primary infection. In C57Bl6 mice, reinfection resulted in a slight thickening, but no significant peak was observed and mucosal thickness remained similar. Inflammatory infiltrates were present in the tissue of both BALB/c and C57Bl6 mice during both infection and reinfection. Reinfection with C. proliferans led to an increase in gastric pH in both BALB/c and C57Bl6 mice. Although morphological changes were observed after reinfection, they were less pronounced. The results indicate that reinfection can influence the immune response and gastric morphology, but does not cause significant changes in pH. In addition, the influence of acidic water administration on the course of C. proliferans infection was investigated. No significant differences in the course of infection and pathological changes were observed between groups of mastomys supplied with acidic and tap water and infected with C. proliferans.
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Metabolic setup of Drosophila macrophages during the immune response
KREJČOVÁ, Gabriela
Adjustment of cellular metabolism is a key function that allows macrophages to fulfill their roles in the body. While the pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages has been extensively studied in mammalian models, it has not yet been satisfactorily investigated in insects. The study presented in this thesis therefore attempts to elucidate the metabolic setup of macrophages during the immune response in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Provedení detailního fytopatologického průzkumu u senescentních dřevin v parku u zámku Buchlovice
Běhávka, Martin
The bachelor's thesis focuses on a detailed phytopathological examination of 70 selected senescent trees located in the park near Buchlovice chateau, which covers an area of 18.4 hectares. The aim of the survey was to describe the diseases and pests occurring on selected tree species and the way in which these tree species are affected. Furthermore, on the basis of this survey, I created a list of measures specifically related to the given tree species in order to ensure the longest and highest quality of plant life. According to the resulting data, it follows that the local woody plants suffer from diseases typical of the species and their age. For example, we can observe relatively gentle treatment in terms of damage to root canals and the overall zone at the base of the trunk.
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COVID-19 and kidney diseases
Stanovský, Samuel ; Čertíková-Chábová, Věra (advisor) ; Zahrádka, Ivan (referee)
In clinical practice, SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and COVID-19 disease are mainly associated with dominant respiratory disorders of varying severity, from minor events such as upper respiratory tract infections to life-threatening respiratory failure. However, COVID-19 can not only be seen as a respiratory infection, but the possibility of systemic involvement should also be considered. One of the internal organs that can be directly affected by the virus is the kidneys. Renal damage from the SARS-CoV-2 virus can occur in completely intact kidneys or can affect kidneys with pre-existing nephropathy. In addition, patients with manifest renal disease are considered at higher risk for the COVID-19 than healthy population due to the often-significant immunosuppressive pharmacotherapy that might be a part of various nephropathy treatment regimens.
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Intrinsic factors in helper T-cells lineage choice
Andreyeva, Arina ; Neuwirth, Aleš (advisor) ; Chmelař, Jindřich (referee)
The process of clonal expansion of T lymphocytes, or T cells, belongs to the basic characteristics of adaptive immunity. A fundamental role in the immune response is played by the CD4+ T cells which are capable of evolving into the different subtypes (for example Th1 or Tfh) that help other types of cells to effectively eliminate pathogens. Each particular subtype activates different arms of the immune system for the most effective clearance of a particular pathogen. The way how the pathogen will be eliminated depends on the type of infection. This thesis aims to analyze relevant literature and known facts about factors that influence functional T-cell differentiation. This thesis will be mainly focused on the question of how much the T-cell receptor's structure or antigen affinity plays a role in this decision- making process. Another point of interest is the capability of T cells from one clone to produce different T helper cell subtypes, or they are preferentially biased towards a single differentiation pathway. Key words: adaptive immunity, CD4+ T cells, TCR, infections, differentiation
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Effect of pathogens on the vaginal microbiome
Procházková, Jana ; Tachezy, Jan (advisor) ; Smutná, Tamara (referee)
The human body is heavily populated with a wide variety of microorganisms. These microorganisms form coherent communities, which in contact with specific human organs form microbiomes. Each microbiome is unique in its composition. The study of microbiomes enables us to describe their composition and to understand the complex interactions that occur between microorganisms and humans. Methods of microbiome analysis are constantly evolving. For example, next-generation sequencing is currently the most widely used method for the characterization of microbiomes. Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are the major component of a healthy vaginal microbiome in most women. A healthy vaginal microbiome is essential for maintaining the natural homeostasis and to assure a proper functioning of the female urogenital tract. Lactobacillus is also important for the protection of the vagina from pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. In this bachelor's thesis the major pathogens of the Bacteria and the Eukaryota domain are described. Hereby a particular focus is on Trichomonas vaginalis, which is the most prevalent pathogenic agent of the female urogenital tract worldwide. Studying the immunity of the vaginal microbiome to this parasite is therefore essential. Furthermore, the mechanisms of...
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The case study of physiotherapeutical treatment of the patient with a diagnosis of spastic paraparesis caused by spondylodiscitis
Mydlilová, Klára ; Stupková, Michaela (advisor) ; Piruchtová, Karolína (referee)
Author: Klára Mydlilová Supervisor: Mgr. Michaela Stupková Title: The case study of physiotherapeutical treatment of the patient with a diagnosis of spastic paraparesis caused by spondylodiscitis Objectives: The aim of this bachelor thesis is to elaborate theroretical knowledge about spastic paraparesis based on spondylodiscitis. The theoretical knowledge and findings were used as a base for creating proper physiotherapeutical treatment for patient with diagnose mentioned above. Methods: The thesis is divided into two parts; the theoretical part is aimed to discuss the general definition of spondylodiscitis, its clinical aspects and diagnostic and therapeutical options. The practical part consists of kinesiological analysis, detailed description of all therapeutic units, out kinesiological analysis and the conclusion. This part demonstrates all practical findings gained at Nemocnice Vršovice at rehabilitation department in the period of 16.1.-10.2. 2023. Results: The predetermined objectives have been achieved. Thanks to the improvement that the patient showed, it can be said that the chosen physiotherapy methods had a positive effect on the patient's condition. Conclusion: Every aim that was set previously was completed and regarding to these results the positive effect of chosen therapeutical...
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The role of the pediatric nurse in the prevention of infectious gastroenteritis in the pediatric ward.
CARDOVÁ, Barbora
The master thesis focuses on the role of a pediatric nurse in the prevention of infectious gastroenteritis in the pediatric departments. In the theoretical part of the thesis the focus is paid to general information concerning gastroenteritis and preventive measures in case they occur in the pediatric departments. In the empirical part of the thesis three goals are set. 1. Evaluate the health literacy of pediatric nurses working in the maternity ward and pediatric department in the field of pediatric gastroenteritis. 2. To assess the health literacy of pediatric nurses working in pediatric departments in the field of preventive measures against the spread of gastroenteritis in maternity wards and pediatric departments. And the 3rd last goal was to determine the opinions of pediatric nurses working in primary care and in pediatric departments regarding the optional vaccination of children against rotavirus. This part of the thesis deals with the analysis of data obtained using a self-administrated questionnaire. Questionnaires were given in the Hradec Králové region to nurses working in the pediatric and maternity departments of four local hospitals and to nurses in primary care at general practitioners for children and adolescents. The return of properly completed questionnaires was a total of 146, of which 110 questionnaires were from inpatient departments and 36 questionnaires from primary care. The research has shown that nurses have knowledge in the field of gastroenteritis, but they are not 100% informed. In the area of preventive measures of the spread of gastroenteritis, both research groups of nurses are very well oriented, and additionally nurses from primary care have a more positive opinion regarding the vaccination against rotavirus than nurses from inpatient departments. The output of the master thesis is a educational material for nurses, focused on the prevention of transmission of infectious gastroenteritis in pediatric inpatient departments.
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Specifics of nursing care in children hospitalized with infectious disease
KŮSOVÁ, Marie
The bachelor thesis deals with the specifics of nursing care for children hospitalized with infectious disease. The bachelor thesis is divided into theoretical and research parts. The theoretical part deals with infectious diseases in childhood, specifically infectious diseases of the digestive and respiratory tract, infectious exanthematous disease and infections affecting the CNS. It also deals with the specifics of nursing care for children with these diseases and their needs during hospitalization. It describes the transmission and agents of infectious diseases, as well as the prevention of infectious diseases in children, specifically the barrier regimen. The research section focuses on the specifics of nursing care and the most common nursing problems in children with infectious disease. The aim of this part was to identify and describe the specifics of nursing care in children hospitalized with infectious disease. A qualitative form of research inquiry was used to conduct the research through semi-structured interviews with ten participants. Nurses from the children's ward were deliberately selected for the research investigation. The questions were directed at specific systems that are discussed in the theoretical part of this thesis. The research investigation was completed after theoretical data saturation. Further, it was then categorized using the open coding method, specifically the pencil and paper method. Based on this coding, several categories and sub-categories were constructed. From the research, it was found that nurses know the specifics of nursing care for children with infectious disease. Nurses can describe the barrier nursing care procedure, but not all nurses follow this procedure. Nurses are able to list and describe the most commonly encountered nursing problems in infectious diseases.
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