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Fluorescent nanoparticles based on organic chromophores
Čekal, Josef ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Vala, Martin (advisor)
This study aims to create Host-Guest nanoparticle systems exhibiting white light emission (WLE) using organic molecules, achieved through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. Substituted stilbene-based compounds were utilized for the preparation of nanoparticle systems, with CA-DPS-V (H2) and CA-DPS-CHO (H1) used as donor/matrix materials, and CA-DPS-DCV (G1) and DPA-DXS-IOO (G2) as acceptor/dopant materials. Three nanoparticle systems were synthesized via nanoprecipitation from common solutions of the compounds in THF: system 1 (H1+G1), which did not achieve WLE, system 2 (H2+G1), and system 3 (H2+G2). Systems 2 and 3 were characterized using fluorescence spectroscopy and FRET parameter calculations. It was found that the Förster distance in system 2 is shorter than in system 3. This variation in Förster distance affects the composition ratios capable of WLE. The closest proximity to the white point (0.33, 0.33) was observed in system 2 at molar ratios of 110:1 (0.32, 0.38) and 164:1 (0.29, 0.32), and in system 3 at ratios of 340:1 (0.34, 0.30) and 476:1 (0.31, 0.28). Thus, the goal of the study was achieved, demonstrating that nanoparticles capable of WLE can be prepared in this manner. However, a drawback of the prepared nanoparticles was their low photostability. Future work could focus on synthesizing more stable nanoparticles from structurally similar compounds. These particles could then be further characterized in terms of structure and other properties for potential applications.
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Study of Electrochemical Processes on Neuromodulation Electrodes
Vašíček, Čeněk ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Ehlich, Jiří (advisor)
This bachelor’s thesis deals with experiments on a neuromodulation electrode made of a platinum-iridium alloy. The thesis is focused primarily on local changes in concentration of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide based on a potential, that is applied. Experiments take place in two electrolytes – PBS and a mixture of Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium with fetal bovine serum (90:10). The goal is to compare the electrode’s behaviour in these electrolytes, mainly on how the surface of the electrode would be affected, if the electrochemical reactions would happen when a different potential is applied, or if they would be less effective in general etc. Changes in oxygen and hydrogen peroxide concentrations are measured using amperometric sensors, with the added measurement of hydrogen peroxide with a spectrophotometric assay consisting of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3,3‘,5,5‘-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). The next thing that the thesis deals with is stability of hydrogen peroxide in both electrolytes used. In the last part, suggestions on next steps in this topic are mentioned.
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Study of multilayer perovskite structures properties
Gabzdyl, Adam ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Pospíšil, Jan (advisor)
The bachelor thesis focuses on the optical, electrical and dielectric properties of perovskites and their multilayer structures for use in optoelectronic applications. Samples of lead MAPbI3 and lead-free Cs3Bi2I9 perovskite in a photovoltaic cell of FTO/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au structure were prepared and studied. The optoelectrical properties were determined by direct current measurement of current-voltage characteristics and the dielectric properties were determined by impedance spectroscopy. It was determined that with this photovoltaic cell structure, lead perovskites are a more suitable material for optoelectronic applications than lead-free perovskites because they exhibit many times higher solar energy conversion efficiency and possess more favorable electron processes.
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Chromophores based on push-pull substituted stilbenes
Ševčíková, Veronika ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Vala, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the examination of the relationship between the structure and optical properties of organic luminophores based on push-pull substituted stilbene and the determination of their emission in the solid state and in solution - dual state emission (DSE). Four newly synthesized luminophores based on push-pull substituted diphenylaminodibromostilbene and diphenylaminodi(2,6-xylil)stilbene containing different electron acceptor groups were selected for measurements. Due to the limited amount of samples, only solutions of the luminophores in dichloromethane were prepared. Emission spectra, quantum yields and fluorescence lifetime were measured for these luminophores in solid state. For solutions of these luminophores in DCM, all described optical properties were measured along with the absorption spectra. Determined optical properties were related to the structure of the luminophores. For the diphenylamine-dibromostilbene-based luminophores, fluorescence of the NIR radiation was detected, while the fluorescence of these luminophores was found to be weakened due to the presence of Br substituents. The investigated diphenylaminodi(2,6-xylil)stilbene-based luminophores show relatively weak push-pull effect. The fluorescence of these luminophores was found to be intense in solution, but weakened in the solid phase, which was attributed to the weak push-pull effect. According to the measured results, it was concluded that the investigated luminophores based on diphenylaminodi(2,6-xylil)stilbene are suitable candidates for further research and potential applications considering their properties.
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Optimization of organic solar cells
Kratochvíl, Matouš ; Novák, Vítězslav (referee) ; Weiter, Martin (advisor)
This diploma thesis focuses on the preparation of large-scale organic solar cells using techniques compatible with large volume production. The theoretical part consists of research summarizing the basic theoretical background of the function of organic solar cells and the current state of investigation of the shift from laboratory to large-scale production. The experimental part deals with the optimization of methods of preparation of layers of structure of solar cells, which can be converted into industrial scale.
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Materials with FR/NIR photoluminiscence
Chovanec, Filip ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Vala, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on issues of materials, whose fluorescence maximum is located in regions of the far-red (FR), which is in range from 700-800 nm or near-infrared (NIR), from 800-2500 nm, electromagnetic radiation. Materials, which this thesis is focused on, are organic molecules with charge transfer (CT) system. They are based on electron-donor and electron-acceptor groups located on the opposite sides of the same molecule. Diphenylamine behaves as electron-donor. This moiety is connected to different batch of atoms, which figure as electron-acceptor group. Connection is formed by -conjugated bridge of diphenyl stilbene or dixylil stilbene. Such a variable system has an optionally adjustable magnitude of charge transfer phenomenon, and it is reflected in the fluorescence maximum. Knowledge about fluorescence of these molecules, phenomena accompanying and outrunning this radiation, was acquired through the theoretical research. Strategies, how to set such a DA system or how to set up molecules with FR/NIR fluorescence were also obtained. Practically, characterization and dependence of fluorescence maximum on structure of these molecules, as well as dependence on solvent were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Photoluminescence quantum yield was calculated from emission and excitation spectra and studied how structural changes changed values of this quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime too. The result of the bachelor thesis was the finding, that the stronger the charge transfer phenomenon occurs in the molecule, the greater bathochromic shift of emission spectra was observed. At the same time, it was discovered that it was the case of liquid sample, solid samples had shown smaller bathochromic shift.
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Novel materials for organic and hybrid electronics and photonics
Kratochvíl, Matouš ; Yumusak,, Cigdem (referee) ; Táborský, Petr (referee) ; Weiter, Martin (advisor)
Obor organické elektroniky nabízí jedinečnou možnost masové výroby levné a ekologicky přívětivé elektroniky. Otevírá dveře novým funkcím a tvarům zařízení, které standardní elektronika na bázi kovu a křemíku neumožňuje Možnosti dané povahou organických látek a pokrok ve výzkumu syntézy nás zásobují novými materiály pro fotonické aplikace. Hlavní motivací této práce je hledání nových materiálů a zkoumání vztahu mezi jejich molekulární (a krystalickou) strukturou a vlastnostmi. Tato práce je zaměřena na studium optických a/nebo elektrických vlastností nových materiálů pro fotonické aplikace. Materiály prezentované v práci jsou organické i hybridní organicko-anorganické, u nichž je snaha získat to nejlepší z obou světů. Výzkum prezentovaný v této práci se skládá ze tří samostatných částí, které jsou propojeny cílem studovat vztah mezi strukturou materiálu a jeho vlastnostmi a metodami používanými ke studiu těchto vlastností. První část si klade za cíl představit materiály vykazující účinnou fluorescenci v pevné fázi (Solid-State Fluorescence, SSF). V této práci jsou prezentovány dvě série materiálů vykazujících SSF. Barva emise je řízena změnami skupin přitahujících elektrony v push-pull systémech molekul. Výsledky ukazují efektivní (>10%) emise pokrývající většinu viditelného spektra (~450–650 nm). Druhá část prezentovaného výzkumu zkoumá vliv thionace na známou skupinu nízkomolekulárních polovodičů – diketopyrrolopyrrolů (DPP). Prezentované výsledky ukazují ve studovaných molekulách výraznou preferenci n-typové chování následkem thionace, s řádovým zvýšením pohyblivosti elektronů, a také působivě nízko ležící hladiny LUMO (~ 4,5 eV). Třetí část uvedených výsledků je zaměřena na perovskitové materiály pro fotonické aplikace. Hybridní materiál – organo-olovnato-halogenidový perovskit je již téměř půldruhého desetiletí v centru pozornosti výzkumníků v oblasti pokročilé fotoniky. Perovskitové solární články prokazují pozoruhodnou účinnost, avšak jejich využití stále brání problémy se stabilitou. V této práci je prezentována studie stability jako referenční bod pro další výzkum v této oblasti a pro získání vhledu do procesů ovlivňujících stabilitu perovskitových materiálů a solárních článků. Následně je navržen a otestován přístup ke zvýšení stability a výkonu článků, využívající materiály studované ve druhé studii.
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Preparation and characterization of thin organic photovoltaic layers
Kratochvíl, Matouš ; Zmeškal, Oldřich (referee) ; Weiter, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on preparation of organic solar cells and characterization of their properties. The theoretical part consists of literature search focused on current findings in this area and basic theoretical knowledge of the mechanisms of solar cells functioning. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the preparation of solar cells, targeting large cells, and characterization of basic electrical and optical properties of these cells.
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Pi-conjugated molecules exhibiting singlet fission
Sahuľ, Martin ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (referee) ; Vala, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on characterisation of novel materials designed for use in future generation of photovoltaic cells. Examined materials were derivates of diketopyrollopyroles, in which the process of singlet fission was confirmed. Using fluorescence reference standards, the correctness of research methodology was confirmed. Measurements of basic optical and fluorescence characteristics such as absorption, excitation and emission spectra, wavelengths of their respective maximum values and quantum yields were made. Since the studied materials only differed in the number of bromine atoms, the effect of bromation on the properties of molecules was discussed from the acquired values. It was found, that substituted bromine atoms increase the excitation and emission wavelengths of diketopyrollopyroles, therefore decreasing the energy needed to excite the molecule. Next, a new method using fluorescence measurements in a magnetic field that can be used for a quick analysis of singlet fission was developed. Measurements made using this method confirmed the occurrence of singlet fission in rubrene as well as in studied materials. Performed measurements gathered new useful information for the design of new molecules and further improvement of the developed method.
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Host-guest systems for efficient infrared solid-state emission
Rottenberg, Vojtěch ; Smolka, Rastislav (referee) ; Kratochvíl, Matouš (advisor)
The goal of this bachelor thesis is to compile a brief research on solid-phase fluorescence, to find suitable molecules for the preparation of host-guest systems that exhibit high quantum yields of solidphase fluorescence in the infrared region and to analyze them. These systems consist of a predominant molecule (host) that exhibits high quantum yields of fluorescence and a quantitatively less abundant molecule (guest) that exhibits fluorescence in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The following molecules were chosen: (E)-N,N-diphenyl-4-(2-(5'-vinyl-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-2'- yl)vinyl)aniline (–V) and (E)-5'-(4-(diphenylamino)styryl)-[1,1': 4',1''-terphenyl]-2'-carbonitrile (–CN) as a guest molecule and (E)-2-((5'-(4-(diphenylamino)styryl)-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-2'- yl)methylene)malononitrile (–DCV) as a guest molecule. For sample analysis, emission and excitation spectra were measured using a fluorophore, quantum yields using an integrating sphere, and fluorescence lifetimes using the time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) method. From the spectral analyses and quantum yields, it was determined that the molecule (E)-5'-(4- (diphenylamino)styryl)-[1,1':4',1''-terphenyl]-2'-carbonitrile (–CN) is a suitable guest molecule, (E)-2- ((5'-(4-(diphenylamino)styryl)-[1,1': 4',1''-terphenyl]-2'-yl)methylene)malononitrile (–DCV) is not a suitable guest molecule and the suitability of using (E)-N,N-diphenyl-4-(2-(5'-vinyl-[1,1':4',1''- terphenyl]-2'-yl)vinyl)aniline (–V) as a guest molecule is inconclusive.
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