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The competition of different syntactic devices expressing the semantic relation of comparison (based on the Czech-German material)
Pečený, Pavel ; Mareš, Petr (referee) ; Hošnová, Eva (advisor)
The thesis focuses specially on characterisation of the competition of syntactic devices used to express comparison in Czech. The research targets primarily the use of connecting expressions and certain case relations. The aim is to ascertain the tendencies manifesting in the distribution of the competition devices, which is also connected with syntactic, semantic or another factors, they may influence the distribution. The material basis for this analysis is based on the data from the parallel Czech-German corpus "InterCorp" and chosen corpuses of the "Czech National Corpus" (ČNK). The research found that the competition of the syntactic devices expressing comparison happens most often in a frame of one semantic type of comparison, i.e. in a frame of comparison based on unity and similarity on the one hand, and a frame of comparison based on difference on the other hand. Fundamental role in choosing of the competition devices is played by the semantic view-point. It is supplemented by a formal view-point on the syntactic level. The case relations and the preposition groups may link only comparison on the level of parts of a sentence, connection devices may do so on the level of complex sentences as well. The competition is partly influenced by the stylistic factors and the nature of text.
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The effect of the valency characteristics of the predicate verb on the syntactic order of adverbials
Rysová, Kateřina ; Hošnová, Eva (referee) ; Zikánová, Šárka (advisor)
The aim of the thesis is to verify the unmarked sequence of the chosen contextually unbounded adverbials (free verbal modifications) in Czech depending on, particularly, valency, semantics, form, length and the type of utterance in which they occur. The results of the thesis were gathered from linguistic analysis of more than 1, 700 utterances from the data of the Prague Dependency Treebank. It was shown that the factor of the verbal valency works stronger in the unmarked word order sequence than the influence of their semantics does (the membership in the semantic category, for example, of locus, time, manner and so on). In the basic word order in Czech, there are firstly the optional contextually unbounded adverbials and only then the obligatory ones. It is their semantics that decides the order of the optional adverbials (not expressed by the dependent clause). In contrast to the optional adverbials, the obligatory contextually unbounded adverbials also have clearly stronger tendency to appear in the role of the actual rheme in the functional sentence perspective. At the same time, optional contextually unbounded adverbials occur in both the anteposition and postposition, the obligatory ones in the postposition. However, similar behaviour as that of the obligatory adverbials may be also observed for the...
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Transgressives in contemporary Czech
Špinková, Tereza ; Hošnová, Eva (referee) ; Adam, Robert (advisor)
The thesis deals with the comparison of the two most important approaches towards the description of transgressives in the Czech language. The work tries to prove on the material of Czech national corpus the statements present in the linguistic descriptions of transgressives. The first part contains the examined literature described from the view of function and form of transgressives and from the view of their use. The most important and significant theories are compared. Simultaneously, the first part examines the critical moments of these theories, their inaccuracies. The second part is the research. All the material is taken from the Czech national corpus. The critical points defined in the first part are examined here.
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The effect of the valency characteristics of the predicate verb on the syntactic order of adverbials
Rysová, Kateřina ; Zikánová, Šárka (advisor) ; Hošnová, Eva (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to verify the unmarked sequence of the chosen contextually unbounded adverbials (free verbal modifications) in Czech depending on, particularly, valency, semantics, form, length and the type of utterance in which they occur. The results of the thesis were gathered from linguistic analysis of more than 1, 700 utterances from the data of the Prague Dependency Treebank. It was shown that the factor of the verbal valency works stronger in the unmarked word order sequence than the influence of their semantics does (the membership in the semantic category, for example, of locus, time, manner and so on). In the basic word order in Czech, there are firstly the optional contextually unbounded adverbials and only then the obligatory ones. It is their semantics that decides the order of the optional adverbials (not expressed by the dependent clause). In contrast to the optional adverbials, the obligatory contextually unbounded adverbials also have clearly stronger tendency to appear in the role of the actual rheme in the functional sentence perspective. At the same time, optional contextually unbounded adverbials occur in both the anteposition and postposition, the obligatory ones in the postposition. However, similar behaviour as that of the obligatory adverbials may be also observed for the...
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The competition of different syntactic devices expressing the semantic relation of comparison (based on the Czech-German material)
Pečený, Pavel ; Hošnová, Eva (advisor) ; Mareš, Petr (referee)
The thesis focuses specially on characterisation of the competition of syntactic devices used to express comparison in Czech. The research targets primarily the use of connecting expressions and certain case relations. The aim is to ascertain the tendencies manifesting in the distribution of the competition devices, which is also connected with syntactic, semantic or another factors, they may influence the distribution. The material basis for this analysis is based on the data from the parallel Czech-German corpus "InterCorp" and chosen corpuses of the "Czech National Corpus" (ČNK). The research found that the competition of the syntactic devices expressing comparison happens most often in a frame of one semantic type of comparison, i.e. in a frame of comparison based on unity and similarity on the one hand, and a frame of comparison based on difference on the other hand. Fundamental role in choosing of the competition devices is played by the semantic view-point. It is supplemented by a formal view-point on the syntactic level. The case relations and the preposition groups may link only comparison on the level of parts of a sentence, connection devices may do so on the level of complex sentences as well. The competition is partly influenced by the stylistic factors and the nature of text.
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Word order in Czech subordinate clauses
Sedláček, Miroslav ; Hošnová, Eva (advisor) ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee)
This diploma essay contributes to the studies of the Czech word order. Its theoretical background is provided by the findings of the Czech school of functional sentence perspective (FSP), represented by Jan Firbas and Aleš Svoboda. Based on the material excerpted from the present-day Czech corpora SYN 2005, this paper presents a broad scale of word order varieties in Czech subordinate clauses. Special attention is paid to the word order position of the theme elements and the most common adverbial complements. In comparison to primary clause some differences are pointed out: The transit centre (or transit proper or theme proper) position in front of the theme centre and rheme is a characteristical feature of subordinate clause, whereas in the primary clauses it applies to rather limited number of clauses. The emotional (subjective) word order is often caused by unfitting allocation of information instead of emotional movement. The initial theme in the subordinate clause seems to be of higher degree of communicational dynamism (CD) compared to the primary clause. It proved useful to differentiate premedial theme (in front of transit centre), which has higher degree of CD than postmedial theme (behind transit centre). Influenced by the spoken language, final theme also occurs. The tension between FSP and...
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The structure of coordination in a dependency description: with special attention to the coordination of unlike categories
Šindlerová, Jana ; Hošnová, Eva (referee) ; Panevová, Jarmila (advisor)
In this work, theoretical aspects of a descriptive approach to the coordination of unlike categories are studied. According to the theory the author adopts, the so called Functional Generative Description, the different semantic values of coordinated nodes in a dependency tree (called fimctors) are referred to as unlike categories. The author offers constraints (of a kind) for generating coordinative structures with unlike categories. These constraints are based on the relation between a functor and its dominating verb with respect to the valency structure of the verb. The core of the theory is the fact that a coordination of an argument position and an adjunct position is forbidden as a rule. Considering the proposed constraints, a decision is made, which of the possible structures are to be represented as direct phrasal coordinations and which of them as coordinations on the level of the dominating verb. With respect to the aims of the work, the author submits her own proposal for categorisation of coordinative constructions according to the valency properties of the coordinated positions. The work aspires to uproot the established opinion that basically there are no syntactic rule s for the coordination of unIi ke categories.
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Parentheticals from a stylistic perspective
Janíková, Lucie ; Adam, Robert (referee) ; Hošnová, Eva (advisor)
This study is an analysis of parentheticals and their usage in texts of different styles. Parentheticals are a neglected phenomenon in the literature and they have been characterised in many different ways. For that reason, the first part of this study is focused on a detailed characterisation of parentheticals and their basic traits. Parentheticals were defined as nonsyntactic structures inserted into, and interrupting 'host' clauses. The parentheticals concur with a part of the host clause and are related to it. Other characteristics are typographic (brackets, dashes) or sound differentiation (pauses). In the second part of this work we analysed 4000 examples gained from text excerpts and from the Czech language Corpus database, from searches based on typographic differentiation. Those examples were from general corpus syn2005 and from corpuses of different styles: fictional, scientific and publicistic. From this number of examples we found 303 parentheticals, the remainder not corresponding with our definition. We observed the means of concurrence with host clauses. We found 259 parentheticals with anaphoric and 44 kataphoric concurrences. In all styles the parentheticals used mostly the same agents: pronoun substitution, wider coherency and co-reference. Parentheticals were divided into two functions:...
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Syntax of the legal texts in diachronic point of view
Frausová, Lenka ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee) ; Hošnová, Eva (advisor)
The thesis deals with the language of legal documents and i t provides i ts readers wi th a description of i ts syntactic ::levelopment since 1918 up to now. On the background of the nethod by M . Těšitelová et al. Three text form three periods ~re analysed (about the years 1920, 1960 and 2000); their total range being 27000 word. The research results in the finding that the style of legal texts had its specific features at the beginning of the examined period allready. The sentences as a unit of predication gets longer. Further, the 1umber of nominal construction grows as one of the basic :haracteristics of the legal language. In the texts dated 2000 3. wider scale of analytic predicates is used. The vocabulary )f nonverbal clauses is impowerished. On the other hand, the 1umber of uses of postponed adj ecti ves grows considerabely, Lnfluencing the length of nominal groups. The thesis also )ffers a surwey of means of expressing intrinsic modality.
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Style comparison of scientific and popular science texts
Benediktová, Soňa ; Hošnová, Eva (referee) ; Mareš, Petr (advisor)
V dnešní době stále vzrůstá význam odborného sdělování. Prvky odborného stylu pronikají do ostatních stylových oblastí a zároveň dochází s rozvojem věd ke vzniku stále více specializovaných vědeckých oborů. S růstem úlohy vzdělání a věd ve společnosti roste i zájem o publikace popularizační!, které mají poznatky vědy zpřístupnit širšímu publiku, a to srozumitelnou a atraktivní formou. Vychází velké množství popularizujících knih a pro úplnost dodejme, že popularizace má své místo i v televizi a rozhlase. Ačkoli se styl popularizační v posledních desetiletích značně rozvíjí, není mu v odborné literatuře věnován adekvátní prostor. Pozornost jazykovědy je soustředěna spíše na vývoj a proměny vyjadřování vědeckého a charakteristiky popularizačního stylu jsou víceméně rozptýleny v souhrnných pracích stylistických či v pojednáních o odborném stylu obecně. Prací zaměřených na popularizační styl existuje minimum. Pokusili jsme se tedy touto prací přispět k podrobnějšímu poznání prostředků textů popularizačních a zároveň také prostředků textů vědeckých jejich vzájemným porovnáním. Styl popularizační a styl vědecký jsou dva protipóly v rámci odborného stylu, je tedy zajímavé položit si otázku: jaké jsou shody a rozdíly ve zpracování téže problematiky v textech stylu vědeckého a stylu popularizačního? Jak se ve volbě...
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