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Modeling the recovery of antropogenically acidified mountain waters
Hardekopf, David ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Krám, Pavel (referee) ; Marchetto, Aldo (referee)
11 Abstract In order for an economic system to function and produce goods and services necessary for meeting human needs, it behaves similarly to a living organism. It absorbs materials from the surrounding environment and transforms them into products, but ultimately all the materials are transformed into some kind of waste and emitted back into the environment. This flow of materials is referred to as industrial or socio-economic metabolism (Baccini and Brunner, 1991; Fischer-Kowalski and Haberl, 1993; Ayres and Simonis, 1994). Extraction of resources, consumption of materials and related emissions exert some pressure on the environment. So far, there has been a positive relation between meeting human needs and this pressure. The overall goal of developed countries within their strategies of sustainable development is to break the relation between pressure exerted on the environment and economic growth, which represents meeting of human needs and improvements in the standard of living. This phenomenon is called decoupling (EC, 2002, 2005, 2006; OECD, 2002; UN, 2002). One of the methods for assessing environmental pressure related to extraction and consumption of resources and materials is material flow analysis. In the case of economy- wide material flow analysis (EW-MFA), this method aims at...
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Zooplankton response to a change of water chemistry and amount of food during the recovery of lakes from acidification
Bartošíková, Martina ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Šorf, Michal (referee)
Anthropogenic acidification has affected assemblages in thousands of lakes in North America and Europe. It turned out that, during the acidification, the number of zooplankton changed and also the species composition of their assemblages, at some sites there was also the total disappearance. The main reason was a decrease of pH, wash out toxic aluminium and a change of trophic status. The rate and extent of biological recovery after restoring the pH in acidified lakes varies considerably across regions. Recovery of aquatic communities is significantly lagging behind the recovery in chemistry. Some zooplankton species are nonetheless able to quickly colonize recuperating ecosystems and in many acidified lakes again started to appear native species that have disappeared during acidification. The return of indigenous species, however, can be blocked acid-tolerant occurrence of species after species extinct occupied empty niches. Zooplankton can be affected by water chemistry directly, but also indirectly by the quality and quantity of food. An important factor is the possible spread of colonizing species. However, the relative roles of these factors in regulating recovery may be difficult to determine. Key words: zooplankton, acidification, water chemistry, aluminium toxicity, phytoplankton
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Influence of catchment characteristics of high-mountain lakes in the Tatra Mountains on water chemistry
Hynštová, Marie ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Matějíček, Luboš (referee)
The presented thesis deals with catchments of the alpine lakes in the High Tatra Mountains. The lakes were subject of a long-term monitoring to detect changes of chemical and biotic composition of lake water induced by acid atmospheric deposition and by its decline. The studied processes required a quantitative approach to describe the characteristics of the catchments. The definition of new catchment parameters or the refining estimated parameters was not allowed without current technical and computing equipment because of the complexity of mountainous terrain. The morphological parameters for 26 catchments were obtained by analysis of the created digital elevation model (DEM) using tools of geographic information system (GIS, software ESRI ArcGIS 10.2). The land cover was detected by Google aerial map (2014). The links between chemical composition (NO3⁻, Σ(Ca2+ +Mg2+ )) and catchment properties based on the specified or refined catchment parameters (slope, portion of an area with a slope <26 ř in the catchment, proportion of different land cover types to the real catchment area) were analysed between the years 1993 and 2012 (respectively 2006). New morphological parameters were derived for the defined catchments. The catchments on the northern and the southern slope were distinguished by...
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The load of sediments and bentic organisms with trace metals in urban stream Botič
Hanzlíková, Lenka ; Dočkalová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Evžen (referee)
Trace element bioaccumulation in benthic organisms is important part of aquatic environment pollution research, since water and sediment analysis itselfs do not provide significant information about bioavailability of contaminants and the results mostly shows just current pollution at the time of sampling. This study focuses on urban streams contamination which are currently significant source of trace elements. Botic stream was chosen as exemplary, because it is affected by many combined sewer system overflows which are sources of contamination in times of heavy rain and flood. Load several sampling took place on 10 stream sites during the year of 2012. This thesis deals with 11 trace elements concretelly Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn, As, Fe, Pb and Al. Trace elements were assessed in both benthic organisms and sediment. As well taxons were selected from benthic organisms, which are widely found at any time of the reference year: caddisflies of family Hydropsychidae, leeches Erpobdella sp. and mayflies of Baetidae family. Sediment analysis included sequential extraction which divided trace elements into 4 fractions according to mobility. Based on the results, bioavailability was assessed on observed elements and correlation between concentration in bethos and sediment was tested. Finally, impact of...
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Biodiversity of chironomid fauna in mountain lakes and streams influenced by acidification and recovery from acidification.
Černocká, Veronika ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Frouz, Jan (referee)
This thesis examines the influence of acidification on the largest group of macroinvertebrates in mountain lakes and running waters - chironomids. The diversity of chironomids has been associated with temperature, the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, the amount of nutrients, and also with the ability to survive in conditions (e.g. extreme pH) that are not suitable for other taxa. Because of this the family Chironomidae has become a dominant group of macrozoobentos in many assemblages affected by acidification. The Bohemian Forest lakes and the Tatra Mountain lakes belong to the most frequently studied locations, which were affected by acidification. The peak of acidification was in the 1980s. It turned out that, during the acidification, the number of chironomids changed and also the species composition of their assemblages. The main reason was a change of trophic status, which chironomids reflected more than a change of pH. A decrease in the number of species occurred after the pH dropped below 5. Until then, only their relative abundance had been affected. Chironomids are also influenced by the toxic effect of Al. The most important factor affecting chironomids fauna is not the value of pH, but the change of food supply. Acid stream food webs are often viewed as being...
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Influence of fish pond management, land use in catchment and climate change on species composition of blue-green algae blooms
Kroupová, Kristýna ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to explain expansion of cyanobacterial blooms and the change of their species composition in surface standing waters during the last 2-3 decades as a result of fishery management, land use in catchments, and climate change. Cyanobacteria possess a range of unique and highly-adaptable eco-physiological traits, which enable them a mass occurrence and a dominance over the other phytoplankton groups under recent anthropogenic changes (nutrient loading and rising temperatures). Moreover, many species of cyanobacteria produce cyanotoxins, which increase their resistence against zooplankton grazing and cause severe deterioration of the water quality. In consequence of changes in fishery management (a decrease in the use of superphosphate as a fertilizer during the year 1970), the fish stock density increased and the clear water phase disappeared. This is responsible for a change in species composition of cyanobacterial water blooms. Summer blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were replaced with A. flos-aquae var. klebahnii. The current composition of water blooms in ponds differs considerably from the typical composition in the 1990s. For example, recent expansion of Woronichiniana naegeliana is caused by the higher stock densities and the shift from a two-year cycle of fishery management...
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Hydrology of mountain seepage lakes
Kohn, Tomáš ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Šobr, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of this thesis is a review of the hydrological balance of mountain lakes, focusing on lakes without ground outflow, or with a huge share of seepage upon the outflow. This thesis deals, step by step, with the methods of collecting data for each input and output to the hydrological system. It is also concerned with the possibilities of monitoring ground water movement and rainfall-runoff models.
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Freshwater macroinvertebrates and their use for assessment of environmental changes in running waters
Kolaříková, Kateřina ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Matěna, Josef (referee) ; Porcal, Petr (referee)
The dissertation thesis consists of five articles, bringing together results from investigations of macroinvertebrates in running waters. The use of freshwater macroinvertebrate organisms to assess environmental changes was based on the following facts: a) the presence/absence of taxa provide information about abiotic factors and/or about the pollution status of the site, b) they are indigenous and sedentary species, so that the environmental implications can be related to the site they live on, c) the organisms accumulate xenobiotic elements or compounds, thus reflecting the contaminant level in the environment. Localization of the sampling sites was related to the "hot-spots" of environmental problems. The particular investigations were carried out in the Elbe River catchment and in the Czech mountains on the selected headwater streams of the GEOMON network of the Czech Geological Survey. The Elbe was considered one of the most polluted rivers across Europe in the second half of the past century until the socio-economic transformation after 1989. The headwater streams in the Czech Republic were chosen with respect to the problem of acidification. The ability of bioaccumulation of xenobiotics in macroinvertebrate organisms was used to assess the long-term load of the Elbe ecosystem with trace...
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Diurnal vertical migrations of zooplankton in a stratified mountain reservoir
Adámek, Radek ; Hořická, Zuzana (advisor) ; Stuchlík, Evžen (referee)
The thesis - a literature review - was aimed at the phenomenon of diurnal vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton, in relation to particular conditions in the Josefův Důl reservoir in the Jizera Mountains (northern Bohemia, Czech Republic). The area of the Jizera Mts has a very sensitive geology, and thus suffered a strong anthropogenic acidification in the second half of the 20th century. The consequence was a long-term degradation of chemistry and biology of soils and surface waters. The waters in the upper plateau of the mountains were fishless, with a low diversity and biomass of both the phytoplankton and zooplankton. Recovery from acidification is slowest in the deepest reservoir, Josefův Důl. Due to its morphology, thermal stratification, newly re-stocked brook charr population, and invertebrate predators' occurrence, the zooplankton distribution in the vertical profile is expected to be irregular, with DVM. The following diploma project, oriented to seasonal changes and vertical distribution of the zooplankton in the Josefův Důl reservoir, should contribute to long-term data on biological recovery of the reservoirs from acidification, and explain the role of biotic parameters in zooplankton succession.
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