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Changing usage in modern English as reflected in R.W. Burchfield's revised 3rd edition of H. W. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage
Kubová, Milada ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee) ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor)
The aim of this study is to examine changing usage in Modern English as reflected in R.W. Burchfield's revised 3rd edition of H.W. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. The study first provides an historical overview of attitudes toward English usage and examines its treatment in contemporary usage books. The third edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage is then compared with earlier editions to show what areas of language usage are represented in each edition and to detect any changes in representation. The subsequent analysis is based on comparison of entries from the revised 3rd edition with entries from earlier editions. Changes in usage are demonstrated on three general entries that deal with general areas of grammar, namely complex prepositions, split infinitive and fused participle, and on twenty individual entries that reflect changes in the surface structure, specifically changes in prepositions in the construction of the type "noun/verb/adjective + preposition" and changes in the realization of verb complementation. The aim of the study is to determine areas of changing usage and consider tendencies with respect to the language system.
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Cleft sentences in English and Norwegian
Mojžíšová, Kateřina ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Dušková, Libuše (referee)
The subject of this thesis is the use of the cleft construction in English and Norwegian. These languages employ a formally similar construction to focus a sentence element, but the use of the construction is not always identical. The analysis is carried out on English and Norwegian translations of Czech texts. The main aim of this thesis is to identify and analyse possible types of motivation for the use of the cleft construction. The studied types of motivation are the FSP, textual and syntactic motivation. The analysis of the FSP motivation is based on the theory of the FSP as described by Jan Firbas (Firbas 1992). The list of textual functions is based on the work of Jan Firbas (Firbas 1995) and Hilde Hasselgrd (Hasselgrd 2004). Some types of the syntactic motivation are proposed by Libuše Dušková (Dušková 1999: 319), but the types described in this thesis result from the present analysis. In addition to the motivation for the use of the construction, the thesis deals with Norwegian and English counterparts of the analysed cleft sentences. These counterparts are divided into three groups: the cleft or pseudo-cleft construction, the underlying non-cleft construction and a different construction (cf. chapter 4.4.). The purpose of the analysis is to find where the use of the cleft construction differs in...
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Theory and practice of Czech bilingual specialized dictionaries
Tihelková, Alice ; Klégr, Aleš (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee) ; Peprník, Jaroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with the theory and practice of bilingual specialized lexicography, with special focus on the production of bilingual specialized dictionaries intended for Czech users. The main objective is to propose an original methodology for the compilation of Czech-English and EnglishCzech LSP dictionaries (with possible application to other foreign languages). The methodology aims at the introduction of the latest trends in pedagogical lexicography, as presented in the leading ESL dictionaries, into specialized lexicography. The thesis is complete with an original lexicographic project illustrating the individual points made. The initial part of the thesis discusses of the main aspects and principles of the discipline of specialized lexicography, clarifying the basic concepts and comparing the state of research in the Western countries with the situation in the Czech Republic. This critical overview is followed by an analysis of the character of Czech bilingual specialized dictionaries based on a sample of 25 recently published dictionaries of a wide variety of subject fields. The main features of these dictionaries are established and their overall quality assessed, resulting in the presentation of a typology of their major shortcomings. The analysis is accompanied by the results of a preliminary...
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Theory and practice of Czech bilingual specialized dictionaries
Brabcová, Alice ; Klégr, Aleš (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee) ; Peprník, Jaroslav (referee)
The thesis deals with the theory and practice of bilingual specialized lexicography, with special focus on the production of bilingual specialized dictionaries intended for Czech users. The main objective is to propose an original methodology for the compilation of Czech-English and EnglishCzech LSP dictionaries (with possible application to other foreign languages). The methodology aims at the introduction of the latest trends in pedagogical lexicography, as presented in the leading ESL dictionaries, into specialized lexicography. The thesis is complete with an original lexicographic project illustrating the individual points made. The initial part of the thesis discusses of the main aspects and principles of the discipline of specialized lexicography, clarifying the basic concepts and comparing the state of research in the Western countries with the situation in the Czech Republic. This critical overview is followed by an analysis of the character of Czech bilingual specialized dictionaries based on a sample of 25 recently published dictionaries of a wide variety of subject fields. The main features of these dictionaries are established and their overall quality assessed, resulting in the presentation of a typology of their major shortcomings. The analysis is accompanied by the results of a preliminary...
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Forms and functions of interrogative structures: a contrastive study of English and Japanese
Buriánková, Petra ; Švarcová, Zdeňka (referee) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor)
The functional analysis attempted to provide a survey of functions, i.e. illocutionary forces of interrogative structures in the corpus and its sub-corpora and hence compare the scope of functions that are, besides the functions following from the primary semantics of the individual interrogative types, realized by interrogatives main types of the compared languages. The key factor that can, to high degree, determine the outcome of an analysis, is classification. We have combined two approaches, classical Searle's approach and an alternative approach of Wierzbicka, which was devised specifically for cross-cultural pragmatics' purposes. The first part of quantitative analysis pursued overall distribution of the illocutionary forces in the individual sub-corpora regardless of the interrogative types expressing them. As expected both languages used interrogatives in accord with their primary semantics mostly for asking for a piece of unknown information or confirmation or negation of information, i.e. directive RR (request for representative). However apart from this common trend there are some noteworthy tendencies. (see graph D2 in Appendix D). Japanese is quite conservative and uses interrogatives primarily to ask for information, to some degree to express emotions or attitudes and only in a very limited...
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English book titles in gerundial form
Blaheta, Radek ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The category of gerund is a symptomatic component of the grammatical system of present-day English. Numerous studies have dealt with its nature and functions as well as with its delimitation as opposed to related forms of present participle or verbal noun. No matter whether the term gerund is used or not and whether it is theoretically sustainable to differentiate between the related -ing forms, it is obvious that the -ing form that in many contexts clearly displays both nominal and verbal features plays a crucial role within both written and spoken discourse. Nonetheless, apart from the gerund operating within continuous texts, it is revealing to explore its behaviour and functions in the text-frame components, particularly the title, i.e. a text-frame component with a crucial role in the printed publication of a book type. In this context, it is necessary to present 3 basic starting points of the present study: 1. the notion of gerund as a grammatical category is retained in this study (see 2.1.3); 2. a new term - gerund title 1 - is introduced in order to capture the analyzed structures (see the detailed characterization in 2.3); 3. the analysis is largely based on the functional approach. Based on the assumptions presented above, the aim of the present study is an overall analysis of the gerund title,...
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The transition between restrictive and nonrestrictive adnominal relative clauses
Šímová, Pavlína ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee) ; Dušková, Libuše (referee)
Cilem predlozene pnice Je zkoumat vztazne vety adjektivni (dale jen vztazne vety) z hlediska moznosti jejich zarazeni do jednoho z rozdilnych typu - tj. do typu restriktivniho a do typu nerestriktivniho. Tyto dva typy jsou v lingvisticke literature chapany jako temer kontradiktorni: jsou tedy pevne a ostfe vymezeny. Ve vymezeni vzta.znych vet do dvou typu ma nejdulezitejsi roli semanticky vztah mezi antecedentem a vztaznou vetou: vztazna veta je restriktivni, je-li nutna pro jednoznacne vymezeni sveho antecedenta, nebo nerestriktivni, pokud pridava dalSi semanticky rys antecedentu, jehoz identita je jiz znama. V kategorii vztaznych vet nerestriktivnich nektei'i lingviste (Jespersen) vymezuji daISi tridu vet: vety kontinuativni, tedy vety, jejichz slovesny cas je postreriorni casu v hlavni vete. DalSi hledisko je hledisko fonologicke, kdy vztazne vety restriktivni tvoi'i spolecnou intonacni jednotku s antecedentem; vztazne vety nerestriktivni jsou realizovany samostatnou intonacni jednotkou. Toto vymezeni je analogicke semantickemu hledisku: restriktivni vety tvori spolu se svym antecedem samostatnou informacni jednotku a vety nerestriktivni predstavuji samostatne informacni jednotky, sdelujici informace sice dulezite, ale ne zasadni pro jednoznacne urceni reference sveho antecedenta. (...)
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English book titles in gerundial form
Blaheta, Radek ; Dušková, Libuše (advisor) ; Šaldová, Pavlína (referee)
The category of gerund is a symptomatic component of the grammatical system of present-day English. Numerous studies have dealt with its nature and functions as well as with its delimitation as opposed to related forms of present participle or verbal noun. No matter whether the term gerund is used or not and whether it is theoretically sustainable to differentiate between the related -ing forms, it is obvious that the -ing form that in many contexts clearly displays both nominal and verbal features plays a crucial role within both written and spoken discourse. Nonetheless, apart from the gerund operating within continuous texts, it is revealing to explore its behaviour and functions in the text-frame components, particularly the title, i.e. a text-frame component with a crucial role in the printed publication of a book type. In this context, it is necessary to present 3 basic starting points of the present study: 1. the notion of gerund as a grammatical category is retained in this study (see 2.1.3); 2. a new term - gerund title l - is introduced in order to capture the analyzed structures (see the detailed characterization in 2.3); 3. the analysis is largely based on the functional approach.
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However and therefore - their occurrence and use in official documents of the EU
Dóža, Boris ; Šaldová, Pavlína (advisor) ; Malá, Markéta (referee)
This thesis aims at discussing two connectives however and therefore. It focuses on their occurrence use in legal and official materials. The main reason why this topic was chosen is the frequent occurrence of these connectives in the language of law and political diplomacy and the fact that the use of these connectives does not always facilitate the reception of the texts and may be confusing at times. The materials used for the following analysis are taken from documents that the Council of the European Union has made available on its websites. These materials include treaties, agreements, legislation in force, preparatory acts, or case law. Treaties and agreement may include annexes and protocols, legislation in force may include acts of law as well as their amendments and addenda, and case law may include judgements, opinions, official speeches, statements, and so on. All these materials have to do with law, business, economy, and all represent a formal or very formal style. The aim of this thesis is to survey the occurrence and use of however and therefore in the particular register. In order to do so, the items under discussion are examined in respect of their formal characteristics and classifications, structure and syntactic description, position in the clause, punctuation, semantics; and functions....
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