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New findings in horse phylogeny
Kardošová, Kristína ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
This thesis deals phylogenetic developement of the horse since its origin until the present. Describes fossil horses, formation processes and conservation. Shows the most famous paleontological localities, where they were found fossil bones or fragments. Explains methods of investigation, such as determining the age of radiocarbon dating or electron spin resonance and analysis ancient DNA. Family equidae is taxonomically classified based on their evolutionary series. Relations between taxa are also shown in the diagrams - phylogenetic trees or cladogram, which are structured according to morphological and molecular data. It also mentions order Perrisodactyla, their evolution, radiation and new taxonomic classification. The main part is devoted to phylogeny equidae. It describes morphological changes due to adaptive specializations, including mainly limbs (extension their parts and reduction fingers), dentition (increasing crowns, molarization of premolars, gradual coverage cement) and skull (extension and enlargement of the brain). It describes individual genera and several important species from the genus Hyracotherium after Equus, their morphology and way of life. Previous studies of fossil horses, methods of comparative anatomy, are confronted with new molecular biology analysis. The results bring a new perspective on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the horse. Next part is devoted breeding groups of domestic horse. Characterized Eguus robustus, Equus gracilis, Equus gmelini and Equus przewalskii. Detects the taxonomic status of the Przewalski horse, relative to fact that today there are disputes about its evolutionary relationship with the domestic horse. Highlights the importance of reintroduction of Przewalski horses, the last wild horse, in the Mongolian steppes, the place of his original expansion. The last part includes the theory of horse domestication. Describes the site of human habitation, where archaeological artifacts and horse bones indicate keeping animals.
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Ageing in horses and related problems
Tomašková, Jana ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
SUMMARY
This bachelor thesis includes general informations about process of aging in horses and related problems. Very good question is how we can define an old horse, however without definitive answer. At the beginning, there are knowledges about when aging occurs in horses by various authors. Then there are mentioned changes at feeding old horses and diseases that afflict horses with increasing age.
With growing number of equine geriatric population abroad some surveys and studies of aged horses were made and brought important results. At the conclusion, ethic issues can´t be leave out and what an euthanasia means for horse´s owners and veterinarians. Approach a situation in our region, a number of registered aged horses in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Germany are published.
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The significance of ethological knowledge: Horse training techniques and selection a horse for hippotherapy
Pavelková, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
This work deals with the ethological knowledge, which is closely related to the principles and techniques of the horse training. Currently, instructors, horse trainers, riders, but also the general public access to a large number of publications that describe
the variety of training techniques for working with horses. Unfortunately, not every horse is trained properly in relation to its capabilities and assumptions, which specifies in addition to the anatomy and physiology and to the ethology of the species. The work therefore also mentions the issue of ethics of horse breeding and equitation, Equitation Science.
In addition to the other horse training approaches, there is a part of the work that dedicates to the training approach on the basis of natural communication between horse and human. Natural Horsemanship is gaining popularity between the horse trainers and scientists, who have devoted their work comparing this method with conventional training methods.
Last but not least, the work is devoted to the description of the use of horses in the area of health service. Hippotherapy places on horses specific demands, which are connected with the special horse selection
and training.
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Effect of equine assisted therapy on the body posture
Burešová, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
The work deals with the body posture and the way how it is influenced by equine assisted therapy.
The first part deals with human motor activity and its development. Motor activity is divided into supporting and targeted. Supporting motor activity provides upright posture through reflex mechanisms. Targeted motor activity includes voluntary and involuntary movements. Voluntary movements are controlled by central nervous system at the instigation of our mind. If we perform specific movements regularly they can transform into stereotypes on the basis of kinetic learning. These movements and their control automate and are performed unconsciously which can lead to excessive muscle straining.
Involuntary movements associated with food intake walking etc. are set by motor patterns. Motor patterns are motion responses of the central nervous system occurring in the same form in the sequence of generations. Simple reflexes and complex physical reactions. Motor development is given by these motor patterns and is bound to a healthy central nervous system. It begins with development of the body posture and targeted locomotion. The work describes the physiological development of human motor activity and its particular periods. Muscle activity is gradually coordinated. It ensures the centered position of the joints and correct curvature of the spine. Motor development continues with verticalization. The child uses balance coordination and muscle strength to develop unsupported walking. In the period of around two years when the central nervous system matures some reflexes and motor patterns fade away and the first motion stereotypes begin to arise.
The second part deals with the posture that reflects and affects the overall condition of the body. It is a muscle holding of particular body parts against the force of gravity. Posture is part of every position and a precondition of movement. This work describes individual components of the musculoskeletal system with emphasis on the axial system and spine which are the basis from which each move unfolds. The skeleton forms the firm basis for the body protects organs and is the site of insertion of individual muscles. The paper describes the structure and properties of muscle tissue. And muscles whose function is essential for posture are mentioned. Posture and every movement is provided by balanced cooperation of muscles which are controlled from the central nervous system that is why part of this work describes the nervous system itself.
The end of the second part focuses on poor body posture caused mainly by motion stereotypes acquired throughout life which leads to excessive muscle tension followed by pain and limitation of mobility. Many of these stereotypes were formed in childhood that is why they may appear to be perfectly normal often we do not even realize doing them and because of that we do not know how to change them.
The next section outlines the principles of holistic medicine that body and mind are inseparable and one affects the other.
The final part discusses the relationship between man and horse that reaches far into our history. It focuses on the use of horses to improve the health and overall quality of life of men. That is an area of which the interest is currently growing. The work deals with the effect of the horses to humans especially in physical and psychological areas. To understand the effect on the physical side the movement of the horse at a walk is described and also the rider's position and his movement which is caused by the movement of the horse's back.
The thesis summarizes the findings of a direct effect of hippotherapy on the physical body and the effects on the psychological side of a man because these areas are closely interlinked.
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Relationship between body condition and production traits in cattle
Smolíková, Barbora ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Majzlík, Ivan (referee)
This thesis summarizes findings from research on influence of the body condition on production traits in cattle. The body condition is indirect indicator of negative energy balance and it has informational character about overall conformation of a cow. Managing body condition allows to influencing production traits. Lower body condition score is associated with higher milk yield, though the content of milk components (fat, protein, lactose) is in positive correlation with higher body condition. This is reflected especially in high yielding cows that have low body condition and high milk production, but problems with reproduction. Mature size, muscularity and fertility positive correlate with body condition. Increasing body condition improves reproductive performance. Particularly open days seem to be a great indicator of total herd fertility. Too thin or fat cows have lower efficiency. However it is necessary look out body condition more in thin cows, where worse efficiency is more shown and health problems threaten.
Results of studies indicate that it is possible to use body condition score as selection criteria for indirect improvement of some traits. Optimal body condition can improve economic viability of cattle breeding.
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Breeding of Coatis as Pets and Their Cohabitation with Other Animal Species in breeding
Třísková, Michaela ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Masopustová, Renata (referee)
The teoretical part of the bachedlor thesis includes collecting as czech as international knowledge and data about the life of these beasts of prey. There is described the occurence, reproduction, etology and nutrition of coati in wildlife as well as capted. It involves a short article about its anatomy which is particular for this species. It is followed by legislative part with administrative procedures, conditions and forms for legal breeding of coati set up by czech and international laws and conventions. Among the main rules belongs The czech national council law no. 246/1992 for prevention of animal maltreatment, The law no. 166/1999 about veterinary treatment and law changes involving implemented regulations and amendments, The Convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, etc.
The practical part of the bachelor thesis reviews the breeding itself. The object of interest presents a male of Nasua nasua. This part focuses on size and equipment of accomodation including upgrades for active life support. There is also reported to nutrition and male food preference. This part describes own knowledge gained by breeding this species and considers if these knowledges agree with the ones in theoretical part.
This bachelor thesis is formed especially as a literature review. All information I gained are verified and finally considered.
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Genomics in Thoroughbred breeding
Větvičková, Veronika ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Hofmanová, Barbora (referee)
Bachelor work describes the overview of the genomics method in Thoroughbred breeding. This work is summarizes the characteristics of the breed, to what they had previously used and what is its optimum inclusion today. Its the methods, that are, used for breeding and optimal classification in the race, gaining the keepers of very valuable information about whether their horses have the opportunity to achieve optimal racing properties. Breeders have these methods, the ability to customize your breeding and subsequent training.
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