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Evaluation of ecosystem stress in Váh basin
Grajciariková, Eva ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The bachelor theoretical thesis was focused on the current issue of the environmental load of the ecosystem in the selected locality of Slovakia. The focus was put on the evaluation of the contamination level in the selected area of Váh’s river – basin in the Žilina region. The level of contamination was assessed on the basis of the relevant water quality indicators following the government regulation number 296/2005 C.l. The thesis describe the physical and chemical properties of the factors and their toxic effects on the environment.
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Water treatment with tertiary degree
Marzinová, Kristýna ; Talašová, Lucie (referee) ; Biela, Renata (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the treatment of drinking water with tertiary degree using activated carbon. In the first part there are described the types of water treatment by a single-stage treatment without separation stage, followed by water treatment with a single-stage and two-stage separation stage. The second part describes the treatment of water from a surface source by means of a third separation stage. In the last part it focuses on activated carbon its history, types and structure, then on production and reactivation. At the end of the thesis, an activated carbon filter is designed as well as a filter pipe. The work is accompanied by an attachment showing the cut and ground plan with activated carbon filter.
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Determination of polar pesticides in waste and surface waters
Borůvková, Tereza ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
This work is focused on the determination of polar pesticides in surface and waste waters. In this study Mecoprop-P, MCPA, Dichlorprop-P, 2,4-D and MCPBA in differently loaded surface waters and communal waters from sewage treatment plants were analyzed. These herbicides are included in the group identified as environmental quality standards. Some of herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) were selected because their consumption in the Czech Republic exceeds 30 tons a year. Samples were collected prom three rivers near town of Jaroměř (Elbe, Úpa and Metuje Rivers), from one river near the town of Brno (Svratka River) and from inflow and outflow of two sewage treatment plants (WWTP Jaroměř, WWTP Brno – Modřice). Particular rivers were chosen for monitoring due to the probability of occurrence of herbicides, because they flow through agriculturally cultivated areas. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the isolation of target compounds and their concentration. Gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS) was used for the determination of target analytes in surface and waste waters. Selected herbicides were detected in all collected samples.
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Monitoring of water and sediment contamination
Grajciariková, Eva ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the issue of the presence of POPs in the surface water and sediments. Monitored compounds were chosen from the group of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). Samples were collected in selected localities in the Slovak and the Czech Republic. Selected analytes were extracted with hexane from the aqueous matrix. Analytes were isolated by the ultrasonic extraction using a solvent mixture of hexane-dichlormethane from the solid matrix and the resulting extract was cleaned up by the column chromatography filled with the florisil and the silica gel. Target compounds were analysed by GC/ECD finally. Obtained results show the level of contamination in selected localities in the Slovak and the Czech Republic.
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Study of surface water quality in the Ivančice area
Jonášová, Simona ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
Selected physical and chemical water quality parameters were measured at four sampling localities on the Jihlava River. Using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, inorganic forms of nitrogen, chlorides, total phosphorus and CODCr were determined. BOD5 was determined by the dilution method. Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions, whose concentrations ranged from 5,75–108 mgl 1, were measured by flame emission photometry. Selected metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cr, Fe, Mn) were determined in water by the ET-AAS method. Decomposed sediments were determined by the FAAS method. Concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Ni in water were in the range of 0,05–2,84 gl1. Metal concentrations in sediments ranged from 0,02–293 mgkg1, where nickel concentrations were above the limit. The occurrence of iron and manganese is due to the geological subsoil. For the other elements, anthropogenic source is assumed. From the measured data, the water quality is slightly variable in this locality and is classified as fourth or fifth class, i.e. as highly polluted water.
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Study of Pharmaceuticals Degradationby Advanced Oxidation Processes
Bílková, Zuzana ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Beklová, Miroslava (referee) ; Zachariášová,, Milena (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
At present, the issue of occurrence of female sex hormones, estrogens and progestogens, in aquatic ecosystems is often discussed by experts and the general public. These substances of steroid structure can be difficult to remove completely by conventional wastewater and drinking water treatment technologies. In given context advanced oxidation processes based on in situ generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals can be a suitable technique. This thesis deals with the study of kinetics and degradation products of photocatalytic decomposition of seven female sex hormones (estrone, -estradiol, estriol, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, progesterone and norethindrone). Experiments were conducted in a laboratory glass reactor, which was equipped with an energy efficient UV-A LED light source (365 nm emission wavelength) and an immobilised photocatalyst in a form of TiO2 five-layer film deposited on glass. Model samples of water with the initial hormone concentration of 1 mg·L-1 were used and the degradation process was monitored by an HPLC-MS method. In the given system all compounds of interest except estriol had very significant tendency to be adsorb. In the case of estriol the formal rate constant of photocatalytic decomposition was determined based on the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for two different initial concentrations, 0.5527 hour-1 (1 mg·L-1) and 0.1929 hour-1 (5 mg·L-1), and by comparison of these values it was found that the higher degraded compound concentration, the slower decomposition (fivefold increase of the initial concentration resulted in the constant decrease to almost one-third). Moreover nine degradation products of estriol photocatalytic decomposition were recorded and their structure was designed based on mass spectra. In the second thematic part of the thesis attention was paid to development of a SPE-HPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of female sex hormones in water ecosystems, with emphasis on an extraction part optimization. The final samples treatment process included besides extraction with Supel™ Select HLB 200 mg SPE cartridges also mechanical impurities removal, hormones extraction from solids trapped on filtration material, sample acidification and extract purification with Supelclean™ ENVI-Florisil® cartridges. Optimised method was used for determination of female sex hormones in two Brno rivers, Svitava and Svratka. In the most cases the concentration was below the detection or quantification limit.
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Multiresidual methods for the determination of pesticides in waters
Matušková, Monika ; Kubíčková, Kristýna (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor´s work of theoretical character deals with multiresidual determination of pesticides in water. It is especially focused on pesticides generating residues in surface water, which - due to their toxicity and persistence in environment - require goal-directed monitoring. The division of pesticides is stated, and their properties, toxicity and elimination process are described in the work. Furthermore, possibilities of analytical determination, especially the methods of gas and liquid chromatography are introduced here. In the last chapter, the complete analytic procedure for determination of organochlorine pesticides is described.
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Issues of perfluorinated compounds in the environmental compartments
Kalášek, Stanislav ; Kořínek, Pavel (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Perfluoroalkylated substencies are priority organics polutants. They are evolved to the environment from many sources. We classify them as new xenobiotics which are present in the environment. There will be described their chemical, physical and environmental properties in theoretical part and there will be described the analytical chemistry of these substancies in varios types of environmental samples. There will be developed metod for their identification and quantification. For this assignment will be use especially chromathografic methods. There will be developed standard operation procedure. The procedure will be verify on real environmental samples.
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The Use of Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Drug Residues
Dvořáková, Petra ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Sokol, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the occurrence of drug residues in the environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization methods for determination of selected drugs in the surface water, aquatic sediment and sewage sludge from waste water treatment plant. From the group of drugs were chosen antibiotics. Antibiotics presented in the environment can cause adverse effects including toxic effects, immunity disorders and indirect bioalteration effects. Sulfonamide antibiotics, which are used in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections as well as in the treatment of other infectious diseases, were chosen as a target compounds. Three optimized analytical methods for determination of sulfonamide antibiotics were developed. For the optimization of extraction were tested: solid phase extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction. For the final analysis was used liquid chromatography with two detectors - diode array detector and mass spectrometer. These optimized methods were applied for the analysis of real samples. The surface water and sediment samples were collected from two Moravian rivers (the Svratka river and the Svitava river). Samples of sewage sludge were collected from waste water treatment plant Brno-Modřice. Fish samples from the Svratka river were also collected. It was observed that all the selected sulfonamide antibiotics are present in real sediment samples (ug.kg-1). Simultaneously presence of some target analytes in real surface water (ug.l-1) and in sewage sludge (ug.kg-1) samples has been confirmed. In samples of surface water from the Svitava river and in fish samples sulfonamide antibiotics were not detected or their concentrations were below the limit of detection.
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