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Influence of bioeffector Trianum on the soil phosphorus availability and P uptake by maize
Vukliševič, Zdeněk ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
Phosphorus is likely to become, in the near future, a critical element in plant nutrition. The main reason is primarily limited resources of P for fertilizer production. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a long term solution. One option is to use P -containing waste, such as sewage sludge, digestate or ashes. Another option arises from the fact that approximately 90% of P in soil is found in non-bioavailable forms. Mobilization of these forms could secure enough P for plat growth in the long term horizon. So-called bioeffectors are developed for this purpose; to promote the accessibility of nutrients for plants. However, it is evident, that the application of bioeffectors alone could lead to a gradual outflow of P from soils. Therefore most favourable appears application of bioeffectors in combination with various phosphatic fertilizers or waste materials. Especially rock phosphates, ash and digestate contain significant amounts of less bioavailable P forms. The joint application of these fertilizers and bioeffectors should lead to more efficient utilization of P, and thus reduce the input of fertilizer into the soil.
The aim of this study was to verify influence of bioeffector Trianum (Trichoderma harzianum, strain OMG 08) to yield of above-ground biomass, plant height and consumption of P by maize plants from the low P soils. Our aim was also to verify mobilization of P from less available forms in different fertilizers through due to the bioeffector influence and impact assessment to consumption of other limiting nutrients (sulfur and zinc) by maize plants.
Along with the unfertilized control variant the bioeffectors were also applied in combination with following fertilizers: straw ash, wood ash, sewage sludge, torrefied sewage sludge, solid fraction of the digestate, minced phosphate). As an additional control bioeffector was selected a biological fertilizer OD containing microorganism Penicillium bilalii.
The evaluated results did not shown any significant influence of bioeffector to yield of above-ground biomass, plant height or phosphorus mobilization. Statistically significant effects were obtained only by combinations of fertilizers and bioeffector in the case of uptake and content of sulfur. Statistically significant differences were proved within studied variants of fertilization without regards to bioeffector applied.
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Evaluation of actual sulphur supply in soil and forecast of its development in the Czech Republic
Vojtěch, Jaroslav ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis contains summary information about the importance of sulphur as an important macrobiogenic element in plant nutrition, as well as about sulphur cycle in soil, development of sulphur content in recent years and possibilities of sulphur supply to crops being grown.
Sulphur is an important macroelement in plant nutrition and it is part of important amino acids, vitamins and proteins. Sulphur content in crops predetermines the quantity and quality of harvested products.
Sulphur in our latitudes entered in soil particularly due to atmospheric depositions. With desulphurization of power plants, there has been a significant decline in sulphur entering soil in recent decades, from an approximate figure of 120 kg of pure sulphur per hectare in 1990 to mere 6 8 kg of sulphur per hectare in 2013. Due to small intake of sulphur in soil, plants that draw off large amounts of sulphur and due to the fact that sulphur is swiftly washed off from the topsoil to deeper soil layers where it is inaccessible to the crops, there is often lack of sulphur in the nourishment of crops being grown, which regards both sulphur demanding crops, such as oil crops, and crops such as cereals where lack of sulphur has not manifested itself as much so far.
Soil contains sulphur in an inorganic and organic form. Inorganic sulphur in agricultural land is represented to a lesser extent than organic sulphur, but it is the main source of plant available sulphur and it is a highlydynamic soil component. In soil, it is usually contained in the form of sulphates. Intake of sulphates and their concentration in the soil solution impacts pH, amount of Fe and Al oxides and behaviour of soil colloids. We can influence the content of inorganic sulphur by supplying mineral fertilizers, but we cannot increase the overall long-term supply of sulphur in soil in this way. Long-term and main supply of sulphur in soil is represented by organic sulphur bound in sulphur amino acids, sulfolipids, sulphonic acids and sulphated polysaccharides. We can influence this component of the overall sulphur content by organic fertilization, green manuring, afterharvest residues and sewage sludge application.
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The effect of fertilization on winter wheat yield
Šístek, Lukáš ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Sedlář, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fertilization on different sites with different soil and climatic conditions on the yield and productivity parameters of winter wheat.
Wheat is the most widespread cereal in the Czech Republic. In the crop rotations it occupies almost half of all grain grown and about 30% of the total sown area. Its advantages, when cultivating, are the relatively stable level of yield and quality.
Long-term stationary experiments with crop rotation were established in the fall of 1996 at five sites of the Czech Republic with different soil and climatic conditions (Červený Újezd, Hněvčeves, Humpolec, Lukavec and Prague - Suchdol). In an experiment there are three crops grown in sequence: potatoes, wheat and barley. In a trial there were compared organic fertilized, mineral fertilized and combined organic with mineral fertilized plots in Červený Újezd, Hupolec and Suchdol sites. For purposes of the experiment is used sludge from WWTP in Prague. Manure and straw are used from each experimental sites. As a nitrogenous fertilizer is used ammonium nitrate with limestone, phosphorus fertilizer is triple superphosphate and potassium fertilizer is potassium salt.
From the experimental results can be clearly inferred that the lowest values of all monitored parameters were achieved on the plots fertilized only with organic fertilizers. After the addition of mineral nitrogen fertilizer the levels of monitored parameters has changed significantly and thus was achieved an increase in these parameters compared to unfertilized control plot. The highest results in relation to the winter wheat yield and quality were found in Červený Újezd and the lowest in Humpolec. The highest yield of wheat grain was found in Červený Újezd on N fertilized plot (12.28 t.ha-1). The lowest yield of wheat grain was achieved in Humpolec on manure fertilized plot (3.9 t.ha-1). However, the highest response to nitrate fertilization was found in Humpolec. The lowest increase in grain yield was 207 % and 333 % increase in yield of straw compared to the control plot. The highest use of nitrogen was determined at Červený Újezd station, where the wheat consumed most of the nitrogen supplied by nitrogen fertilizers.
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