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Angiogenesis in cerebral ischemia border zone
Nulíčková, Radka ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Brime, Tufikameni (referee)
Title of work: Angiogenesis in the border zones of cerebral ischemia The aims of work: The aim of this diploma thesis was to determinate the parameter of the angiogenesis after focal brain ischemia induced by photothrombosis in P7 rat pups. This thesis should answer the question, if there is some difference in vascular density according to the distance from the lesion and if there is some diference between the vascular density in normal brain and the brain with the lesion. Materials and Methods: Cerebral ischemia was induced in P7 rat pups with photothombic method. Intravenous administration of bengal rose dye was followed by illumination of beam of green laser over the cortex for 5 minutes at 0,5s on/off cycles. Bengal rose dye is potent photosensitive substance and the ilumination resulted in agregation of trombocytes and thrombosis. Cerebral ischemia evolved due to the thrombosis. After two months, the animals were overdosed with urethane and transcardially perfused. Then thein brain were cryoprotected and then cut into 50µm slices and prepaired for histological staining. The stained slices were the investigated under mikroskope. The microvessels in the cortex were counted and the density was estimated by stereological method. Results: Two brain with ischemic lesion and two control brain were...
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H reflex during pasive movements
Borský, Ondřej ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Michalec, Radim (referee)
Title: Motoneuron excitability depending on the level of muscle stretch Aim: The aim of this thesis is to evaluate if passive muscle lenght change may influence parameters of H - reflex of soleus muscle Method: Tibial nerve stimulation in the fossa poplitea area was performed on 6 persons while passive stretching or lengthening of the muscle. Action potentials were captured on soleus muscle. Stimulation was performed in three different time periods - 4s, 2s, 1s. Each period was performed twice. First in passive muscle stretching then the passive shortening. The Hmax and Mmax values during passive muscle stretching and shortening were evaluated and compared. Results: The measurment results showed that there was a significant decrease in the Hmax values during passive muscle stretching. Mmax values were evaluated as passive muscle length change independent. Keywords: EMG, recruitment curve, H-reflex, M-wave, m.soleus, excitability
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Influence of pressure-pain and vibrotactille sensitivity by isometric relaxation in a location with myofascial trigger point
Medunová, Kateřina ; Čech, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee)
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of post-isometric relaxation (PIR) on pressure pain treshold and vibrotactile theshold in the area of myofascial trigger point. Methods: The change in pressure pain threshold and vibrotactile treshold was taken from the area above myofascial trigger point number one trapezius muscle - pars ascendens, and the vibration treshold at dorsum of metacarpal bone of the index finger. Fifty myofascial trigger points were examined (twenty-four from a group of probands with chronic cervicalgia or cervicobrachialgia syndrome, twenty-six in the control group). Results: The pressure pain threshold and vibrotactile threshold did not change after the PIR in the group of patients. But the threshold of vibration sense significantly decreased (nearly by 18%, p = 0.001). The result was opposite in the control group. Pressure pain threshold increased by 11% (p < 0.001) and vibrotactile threshold fell by almost 16% (p = 0.001). Vibration threshold did not change. Conclusions: The study confirmed that PIR can affect not only the pressure pain treshold, but also vibrotactile and even vibration treshold. PIR revealed an alteration to pain perception, vibrotactile and vibratin sensation in the group of patients. This alteration had not been obvious (visible) before...
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Stretching and the Maximal Muscle Strength
Šádek, Petr ; Konopková, Renata (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee)
Title: The effect of stretching on maximal muscle performance Objectives: Due to the number of studies, concerning the effect of the muscle stretch on sport performance and their heterogeneity in the term of used parameters, tests and even performing the stretch exercises themselves, it would be desirable, thanks to the importance of this subject, to consolide and evaluate up-to-date knowledge. The goal of this diploma thesis is to compare and assess available literature concerning the effect of muscle stretch during warmup on the sport performance and, ideally, to define the best type of the stretching itself. Method: The diploma thesis is composed as a literature review - an integrative review with exactly defined criteria for the use of available studies. Result : Even with the nonuniformity of parameters used in available studies there is a consensus in most of the used sources, which met the criteria of inclusion in this research, which (the consensus) determinates the dynamic stretching as the form most appropriate for enhancing the following sport performance. Although studies, proving this result, are in their findings quite unanimous, a precise definition of prefered exercises for peforming the dynamic stretching and of its parameters is still missing. Key words: stretching, dynamic,...
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Consequences of experimentaly induced perinatal cerebral ischemic lesion
Bahníková, Eva ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
1 Abstract Title: Consequences of experimentally induced perinatal cerebral ischemic lesion. Aim: This thesis aims to present the issues and analyze current knowledge in the field of perinatal brain damage, particularly perinatal cerebral ischemic lesions as the most common brain infarction in children. Basic characteristics of the disease, syndromology, pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors are emphasized. Following the theoretical background the thesis analyzes current trends as well as the limitations of the diagnostics and therapy. The aim is to highlight the need for early diagnosis and emphasize the potential of preventive treatment strategies. The practical part follows the theoretical background and expands the topic on the analysis of motor and behavioral consequences of experimentally induced perinatal ischemic stroke. Method: Cerebral focal ischemia was induced experimentally by photothrombotic method to seven days old rats. Rose Bengal intravenously followed by continual illumination of the senzorimotor cortex using a green laser beam for 10 minutes was induced platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombosis. Eight animals at age of two months were evaluated for 7 days via observational cages PhenoTyper. Results: The theoretical part collected and processed theoretical data on the...
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Damage of Neurons, Blood-brain Barrier and Folowing Immune Reaction During Ischemic Stroke After Endothelin-1 Application
Lutovská, Jana ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Work objectives: The aim of this diploma work was taking up with microscopic identification metods of particular cell types of CNS, detection of blood-brain-barrier permeability and "dying" neurons. We are interested how the cellulate elements - neurons and astrocyte - are affected by cerebral ischemia and if the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is disrupted. Methodology: Experiments were performed in Wistar rats on postnatal day 12 or 25 (17 together). Cannula for vasoconstrictor Endothelin-1 infusion was inserted into left hemisphere to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Animals were let to live for 24 hours and then all rats were deeply anesthetized with urethane injection. The brains were sectioned in the coronal plane 50m thick. Adjacent series of sections were processed for Fluoro- Jade B to detect degenerating neurons, blood-brain barrier disruption was investigated using Evans Blue dye. Immunohistochemical labeling was used for IgG and visualization of hypertrofic astrocytes by GFAP. Common observation of brain was preformed under upride microscope with fluorescence. Results: Our findings demonstrate that focal cerebral ischemia generates induced by ET-1 into cerebral tissue damage. Degenerating neurons were observed in affected areas. Blood-brain barrier is disturbed in the same area as...
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Signal decomposition in surface electromyography
Vodhánilová, Edita ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
This thesis describe decomposition of electromyographic signal into its constituent motor unit action potential trains. A size and a shape of the action potencials can provide an important information about neuromuscular function. There are described the basics of neurophysiology and physiology of muscle in the theoretic section. Mainstay part of the thesis is description of electromyography and chapter about decomposition of electromyogprahy signal, where is introduced a method of decomposition and algorithms used for decomposition. In practical part is tested a robustness of algorithms, which are contained in program called EMGLAB. The trial is performed with three different signal and results are assessed and compared by the statistical methods ANOVA and paired t-test. Key words: action potencial, EMG signal, electromyography, decomposition, EMGLAB
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Diffusion parameters of brain tissue during ischemia and during status epilepticus
Šlais, Karel ; Syková, Eva (advisor) ; Otáhal, Jakub (referee) ; Rokyta, Richard (referee) ; Dezortová, Monika (referee)
Difusion of neuroactive substances in the extracellular space (ECS) is constrained by two factors: extracellular space volume and geometry. We have shown changes of diffusion parameters and extracellular concentrations of energetic metabolites and glutamate in two pathological states accompanied by significant ECS volume changes - in combined hypoxia/ischemia and in status epilepticus. In the model of hypoxia/ischemia, we have shown time courses of diffusion parameters, concentrations of glucose, lactate, lactate/pyruvate ratio and glutamate during hypoxic/ischemic insult and after reperfusion. The time course of glutamate extracellular concencetration in transient hypoxia/ischemia correlated well with time course of changes in diffusion parameters. The decrease in the ECS volume fraction can therefore contribute to an increased accumulation of toxic metabolites, which may aggravate functional deficits and lead to damage of the central nervous system. In the model of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus our results show changes in the extracellular space diffusion parameters, K+, energy-related metabolites and glutamate during the initiation and first hours of the propagation. Our results also show that the first minutes after a pilocarpine injection are followed by an increase in extracellular K+ and a...
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Influence of temperature and stimulus intensity on FAD transience in rat hippocampal slices in vitro
Rous, Matouš ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Aims: The purpose of this study was to characterize the influence of temperature and stimulus intensity on flavoprotein autofluorescence in rat hippocampal slices. Methods: Experiments were performed in hippocampal slices of adult male Wistar rats. Slices of 400 µm of thickness were maintained in submerged recording chamber, through which oxygenated ACSF was perfused (2 ml/min). Synaptic activation was being made by bipolar stimulating electrode (10s stimulus train 20Hz) placed in hillus of the dentate gyrus (Mossy fibers). FAD signals were detected by cooled 12-bit CCD-camera (RETIGA2000R). Results: Our findings demonstrate that FAD autofluorescence signals were significantly decreased at higher temperature. The data confirmed that FAD autofluorescence signals showed smaller light intensity in different layers of CA3 under the same conditions at 36řC compared to 26řC. Our data approved that under defined conditions FAD fluorescence signals have risen during stimulation. Keywords: Mitochondria, FAD autofluorescence, temperature, stimulus intensity, hippocampus, rat.
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ROS and its role in neurophysiology
Šedivcová, Pavlína ; Otáhal, Jakub (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Name of the thesis Reactive oxygen species and their neurophysiological role Aim of the thesis Aim of the theoretical part is to provide overview of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and show their place in organism - posstive and necessary effects for the organism on the one hand and source of serious diseases on the other hand. Futhermore, the theoretical part deals with the restoration balance between the production of free radicals and antioxidants protection. Theoretical part also deals with substance FeTTPS. Aim of the experimental part is to determinate whether the application of FeTTPS affects cerebral blood flow during trancallosal stimulation with increasing frequency. Futhermore, to determinate whether the applicatication of this substance affects the slope of the curve and threshold of evoked potencials and number and duration of afterdischargers. Research method The research took place at the premises of Onstitue of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic. Experiments were carried out on laboratory albine Wistar rats. General anesthesia was performed to rats, stimulating and sensing electrodes were implated in epidural area of sensorimotoor cortex and Laser Doppler flow probe was implated into the contralateral hemisphere. In the first part of experiment included 11 animals. We...
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