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Biochemical markers of soil microbial community and functioning and antropogenic stress
Kukla, Jaroslav ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Hruška, Jakub (referee) ; Novotný, Čeněk (referee)
The soil microbial community has a major impact on ecosystem processes on a global scale. Anthropogenic stress has a significant effect on the composition, biomass and activity of the microbial community. In addition, this effect depends not only on the anthropogenic activity, but also on the environmental conditions. Modern analytical and molecular methods, including the use of biochemical markers, can be well used to monitor changes in the microbial community. These methods do not monitor the community directly, but detect the substances that are secreted and transformed by microbes and, last but not least, those that are part of them. The amount of these biochemical markers reflects the biomass, condition and taxonomic composition of a particular microbial community. In the presented work, these markers were used to monitor the response of microorganisms in various ecosystems which are affected directly or indirectly by human activity. The results of the dissertation are presented in four articles. Three of them have been published in international journals with IF and one is prepared in the form of a manuscript for publication. The first publication presents the results of research exploring the impact of traditional agriculture in Papua New Guinea on the soil microbial communities, soil...
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Ecotoxicological evaluation of contaminated water and soil and use of biotests for bioremediation
Hubálek, Tomáš ; Novotný, Čeněk (advisor) ; Pazlarová, Jarmila (referee) ; Malachová, Kateřina (referee)
2 2. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to identify the ecotoxicity of contaminated soil and water during bioremediation. Different test organisms were selected for the battery of ecotoxicity tests such as the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the terrestrial plants Sinapis alba, Lactuca sativa, and Hordeum vulgare, the water plant Lemna minor, the earthworm Eisenia fetida, and the crustaceans Daphnia magna and Heterocypris incongruens. A comparison of individual biotests with various organisms and endpoints should demonstrate their suitability and sensitivity for the ecotoxicity evaluation of contaminated soil and water. The bioassays were used for the evaluation of the bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil, composting of PAH-contaminated soil and remediation of contaminated groundwater. The ecotoxicity of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil originating from a brownfield was evaluated during a 17-month biodegradation pilot test (experiment I). The initial concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the soil was 6380 μg.g-1 dry weight; the concentration of TPH in the soil decreased by 65.5 % after bioremediation. The highest toxicity was detected in the first period of bioremediation; however, certain toxic effects were detectable during the whole bioremediation process. The contact tests were the...
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Implication of ligninolytic enzymes produced by immobilized white-rot fungi in decolorization of synthetic dyes
Šušla, Martin ; Novotný, Čeněk (advisor) ; Gaper, Jan (referee) ; Masák, Jan (referee)
6 Abstract The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to characterize ligninolytic activities of two white- rot fungi, Dichomitus squalens and Irpex lacteus, cultivated on various solid supports in their immobilized form and to identify the role of ligninolytic enzymes in the decolorization of synthetic dyes. Significant induction of laccase activity was observed in D. squalens pine wood cultures when compared to liquid cultures. The induction of laccase was probably due to the presence of phenols, extractable from wood with organic solvents. Two laccase isoforms, Lc1 and Lc2, were isolated from the culture liquid using FPLC. The enzymes revealed identical molecular masses of 68 kDa, however, they differed in isoelectric points and their dye decolorization capacity. The decolorization of the azo dye RO16 by Lc1 in the presence of redox mediator was followed by a regressive colorization of the sample when incubated for 72 h. Conversely, no backward trend was observed during RO16 decolorization using Lc2. In contrast to D. squalens, I. lacteus immobilized on pine wood cubes produced a low level of manganese peroxidases and no laccase induction was observed. Both fungi produced MnP as a dominant enzyme in solid state wheat straw cultures. D. squalens MnP obtained from the wheat straw cultures was able to decolorize...
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Effect of a cultivar and thermal treatment of seeds in selected vegetables at early growth phase on the sensitivity to infection by important fungal pathogens
Novotný, Čeněk ; Koudela, M. ; Svobodová, Kateřina ; Nedorost, L. ; Aust, R. ; Kocourek, F.
The methodology is focused on the effect of selected factors on the development of important vegetable illnesses: Alternaria brassicicola dark leaf spot of cabbage, A. dauci carrot leaf blight, and Botrytis aclada onion neck rot and Peronospora destructor onion downy mildew. In the case of A. brassicicola, A. dauci and B. aclada, the plants in a defined stage of development were infected by the strains of fungal phytopathogens originating from acknowledged collections. In the case of P. destructor the plants were infected by a fungal strain obtained from a field plant culture massively affected by this phytopathogen. The effect of the cultivar used and of the seed thermal treatment on the development of the above given phytopathogens was investigated. It was found that, in the case of the cultivars used, the interpretation of the results had to include the factor of the cultivar´s earliness that was important with respect to the resistance to the fungal pathogens.
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Effect of selected factors on the yield and health status of cabbage, carrot and onion
Koudela, M. ; Novotný, Čeněk ; Nedorost, L. ; Kocourek, F. ; Svozilová, L. ; Brožová, L. ; Doležalová, J. ; Kubíček, M.
The presented methodology summarizes the results of field experiments documenting that the selected factors influenced the development of important diseases, namely: 1. Alternaria blight cruciferous of head cabbage (in the years 2012-2013) (caused by Alternaria brassicicola) 2. Alternaria leaf spot of carrot (in the years 2012-2013) (caused by Alternaria dauci), and 3. Blight of onion and onion neck rot (in the years 2013-2014) (caused by Peronospora destructor and Botrytis aclada, respectively). The evaluated factors were: variety, crop density (carrot and onion, only), year and location. It is necessary to take into account the earliness of evaluated cultivars that also represents an important aspect of variety resistance to pathogens. In the annex, there are diagrams showing the course of air temperature and air humidity as well as the length of moistening period of leaves at both experimental locations in Troja and Svijansky Újezd in the individual years. Changes of these variables significantly influenced, in interaction with the other factors, the development of phytopathogenic fungi on the infected plants in the individual years.
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Stanovení toxických meziproduktů biodegradace substituovaných homologů polyaromatických uhlovodíků tvořících znečištění zemin a podzemních vod v souvislosti se starými ekologickými zátěžemi
Mikrobiologický ústav AV ČR, Praha ; Státní zdravotní ústav, Praha ; ENVISAN-GEM a.s., Praha ; Šašek, Václav ; Novotný, Čeněk ; Eliášová, Eva ; Zimová, Magdalena ; Matějů, Ladislava ; Skurzok, Pavel ; Petřinová, Lucie ; Janoch, Tomáš ; Vosáhlová, Simona ; Kyclt, Robin ; Kyslíková, Eva ; Matějů, Vít
Výsledkem řešení projektu je návrh sestavy testů ekotoxicity využitelných pro hodnocení rizika plynoucího z kontaminace nesaturované zóny směsnými polutanty vzniklými při tepelném zpracování černého uhlí či impregnačních prostředků na dřevo. Výsledky testů mohou být po stanovení "endpoints" použity pro návrh sanačních limitů pro zeminy z jednotlivých konkrétních lokalit. Navržené testy ekotoxicity spolu s chemickými analýzami mohou být využity pro hodnocení průběhu biodegradace zemin kontaminovaných směsnou kontaminací s obsahem polyaromatických uhlovodíků a objektivní posouzení kvality vyčištěné zeminy z pohledu rizika pro životní prostředí.
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