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International Hiring of Labour Forces
Bohůnová, Lucie ; Molnárová, Olga (referee) ; Brychta, Karel (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the international hiring out of labour force between the Czech Republic and other member states of the European Union. It focuses on hiring out of employees between parent companies and subsidiaries. This diploma thesis describes the situation of the international hiring out of employees, suggests method of taxation of these employees and defines subjects responsible for fulfilment of obligations in the area of income tax and social security.
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Studium nestabilní plastické deformace metodou akustické emise
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Dobroň, Patrik (advisor) ; Lukáč, Pavel (referee)
The influence of the strain rate and heat treatment on the occurrence of plastic instabilities in extruded AlSi1MgMn (6082) and cold rolled AlMg4.5Mn0.4 (5182) alloys was studied. The samples were uniaxially loaded at various strain rates and at room temperature (RT). The results are discussed using concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during mechanical testing and the AE parameters are correlated to the microstructure and to the stress-time curves. All samples exhibited the Portevin-Le Châtelier (PLC) effect of different types, dependently on the heat treatment and the applied strain rate. The occurrence of the PLC effect is manifested by burst AE signals with high amplitudes. Statistical analysis of the AE signals has shown the power-law probability distribution.
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Advanced aluminium alloys prepared by powder metallurgy and spark plasma sintering
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Málek, Přemysl (advisor) ; Haušild, Petr (referee) ; Vojtěch, Dalibor (referee)
Mechanical properties of aluminium alloys highly depend on their phase composition and microstructure. High strength can be achieved among others by introduction of a high volume fraction of fine, homogeneously distributed second phase particles and by a refinement of the grain size. Powder metallurgy allows to prepare fine grained materials with increased solid solubility which are favourable precursors for further precipitation strengthening. Gas atomization was used for the preparation of powders of the commercial Al7075 alloy and its modification containing 1 wt% Zr. A part of gas atomized powders was mechanically milled at different conditions. Mechanical milling reduced the grain size down to the nano-size range and the corresponding microhardness exceeded the value of 300 HV. Powders were consolidated by the spark plasma sintering method to nearly fully dense compacts. Due to a short time and relatively low temperature of sintering the favourable microstructure can be preserved in the bulk material. The grain size of compacts prepared from milled powder was retained in the submicrocrystalline range and the microhardness close to 200 HV exceeded that of the specially heat treated ingot metallurgical counterparts. The prepared compacts retained their fine grained structure and high...
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Investigation of plastic deformation instabilities by the acoustic emission technique
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Dobroň, Patrik (advisor)
The influence of the strain rate and heat treatment on the occurrence of plastic instabilities in extruded AlSi1MgMn (6082) and cold rolled AlMg4.5Mn0.4 (5182) alloys was studied. The samples were uniaxially loaded at various strain rates and at room temperature (RT). The results are discussed using concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during mechanical testing and the AE parameters are correlated to the microstructure and to the stress- time curves. All samples exhibited the Portevin-Le Châtelier (PLC) effect of different types, dependently on the heat treatment and the applied strain rate. The occurrence of the PLC effect is manifested by burst AE signals with high amplitudes. Statistical analysis of the AE signals has shown the power-law probability distribution.
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ZnMg0.8Ca/Sr0.2 ternary alloys - the influence of the third element on material properties
Čapek, Jaroslav ; Pinc, Jan ; Kubásek, J. ; Molnárová, Orsolya ; Maňák, Jan ; Drahokoupil, Jan
Zinc-based materials alloyed with the elements of the 2nd group of the periodic table have been studied as potential materials for the fabrication of various biodegradable implants. In this study, we prepared two ternary alloys: ZnMg0.8Ca0.2 (wt.%) and ZnMg0.8Sr0.2. The microstructure of both ternary alloys was similar, the main difference was in the size and morphology of the Ca/SrZn13 phase. The SrZn13 phase formed fine particles with a submicron size and had more significant hardening effect in the as-cast state compared to the CaZn13 phase. The annealing led to a transformation of the eutectic structure into the “massive” Mg2Zn11 phase which caused a significant increase of both hardness and compressive yield stress. In the annealed states, comparable hardness was observed for both alloys and higher compressive yield strength for the Ca-containing alloy.
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The investigation of an Al-Zr-Ti alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering of atomized powder
Molnárová, O. ; Málek, P. ; Lukáč, František ; Chráska, Tomáš ; Cinert, Jakub
The microstructure and mechanical properties of a powder metallurgical Al-Zr-Ti alloy was studied. Fine powder with a typical size below 50 ?m was prepared by gas atomization. The smallest powder particles with a diameter below 10 ?m exhibited a segregation free microstructure. Larger droplets were found to contain intermetallic particles rich in Zr and Ti. The gas atomized powder was consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at various temperatures ranging from 450 to 550 °C. During SPS the materials microstructure remained nearly unchanged and a fine grain size between 2 and 3 ?m was observed. All SPS samples exhibited a microhardness of around 90 HV. The annealing (1 h, 500 °C) of the sample sintered at the highest temperature (550 °C) resulted in a decrease of microhardness to 75 HV as a result of changes in the phase composition, the fine grain size was retained. Natural aging at room temperature was not observed.
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Advanced aluminium alloys prepared by powder metallurgy and spark plasma sintering
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Málek, Přemysl (advisor) ; Haušild, Petr (referee) ; Vojtěch, Dalibor (referee)
Mechanical properties of aluminium alloys highly depend on their phase composition and microstructure. High strength can be achieved among others by introduction of a high volume fraction of fine, homogeneously distributed second phase particles and by a refinement of the grain size. Powder metallurgy allows to prepare fine grained materials with increased solid solubility which are favourable precursors for further precipitation strengthening. Gas atomization was used for the preparation of powders of the commercial Al7075 alloy and its modification containing 1 wt% Zr. A part of gas atomized powders was mechanically milled at different conditions. Mechanical milling reduced the grain size down to the nano-size range and the corresponding microhardness exceeded the value of 300 HV. Powders were consolidated by the spark plasma sintering method to nearly fully dense compacts. Due to a short time and relatively low temperature of sintering the favourable microstructure can be preserved in the bulk material. The grain size of compacts prepared from milled powder was retained in the submicrocrystalline range and the microhardness close to 200 HV exceeded that of the specially heat treated ingot metallurgical counterparts. The prepared compacts retained their fine grained structure and high...
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Investigation of plastic deformation instabilities by the acoustic emission technique
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Dobroň, Patrik (advisor)
The influence of the strain rate and heat treatment on the occurrence of plastic instabilities in extruded AlSi1MgMn (6082) and cold rolled AlMg4.5Mn0.4 (5182) alloys was studied. The samples were uniaxially loaded at various strain rates and at room temperature (RT). The results are discussed using concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during mechanical testing and the AE parameters are correlated to the microstructure and to the stress- time curves. All samples exhibited the Portevin-Le Châtelier (PLC) effect of different types, dependently on the heat treatment and the applied strain rate. The occurrence of the PLC effect is manifested by burst AE signals with high amplitudes. Statistical analysis of the AE signals has shown the power-law probability distribution.
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Studium nestabilní plastické deformace metodou akustické emise
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Dobroň, Patrik (advisor) ; Lukáč, Pavel (referee)
The influence of the strain rate and heat treatment on the occurrence of plastic instabilities in extruded AlSi1MgMn (6082) and cold rolled AlMg4.5Mn0.4 (5182) alloys was studied. The samples were uniaxially loaded at various strain rates and at room temperature (RT). The results are discussed using concurrent acoustic emission (AE) monitoring during mechanical testing and the AE parameters are correlated to the microstructure and to the stress-time curves. All samples exhibited the Portevin-Le Châtelier (PLC) effect of different types, dependently on the heat treatment and the applied strain rate. The occurrence of the PLC effect is manifested by burst AE signals with high amplitudes. Statistical analysis of the AE signals has shown the power-law probability distribution.
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Investigation of collective behaviour of lattice defects by the acoustic emission technique
Molnárová, Orsolya ; Dobroň, Patrik (advisor) ; Lukáč, Pavel (referee)
The Portevin-Le Chatelier effect is a macroscopic, spatio-temporal instability of plastic deformation. This phenomenon appears in some industrially important metallic alloys, e.g. based on iron, aluminum or magnesium if these materials are deformed at suitable temperature and strain rate. The effect is manifested as stress fluctuations (serrations) on deformation curves, which corresponds to macroscopic and localized events of plastic deformation in the material. It demonstrates a nonlinear cooperative motion of dislocations (line defects of the microstructure) during plastic deformation. Study of nonlinear aspects of dislocation dynamics is of great importance for understanding the patterns of plastic deformation. It also brings a considerable application potential for the design of novel structural materials. By the collective motion of dislocations the stress fields of the structural defects interact and release mechanical energy in form of elastic waves. These waves can easily be detected by the acoustic emission technique.
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