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Theoretical concept of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil with regard to the creditors' rights
Sobotová, Dana ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to clarify the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, in particular its merits, its origins, its development during the twentieth century and its projection into the Czech law, focusing not only on the legal but also on the economic aspects of this doctrine. The first chapter deals with the theoretical concept of a corporation and its subjectivity. The assets of a corporation are separated from personal property of its shareholders by the imaginary corporation's veil. Judicial practice has gradually created the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil which serves as a corrective to the principle of separation of the assets of the corporation from the assets of its shareholders in cases where the duration of the statutory adjustment would lead to manifestly unfair conclusions, thus allowing creditors, in exceptional cases, to reach the assets of the shareholders. The second chapter deals with development of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil, especially when and under what conditions the courts have come to use it. It includes an analysis of individual cases and different approaches to them; from approaches that are mostly intuitive to those where their representatives are trying to formulate specific rules. The third chapter summarizes current main approaches...
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The Theoretical Concepts of Rights and Their Protection in Cyberspace
Jirková, Veronika ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
of Master's Thesis The Theoretical Concepts of Rights and Their Protection in Cyberspace Author: Veronika Jirková Supervisor: doc. JUDr. Karel Beran, Ph.D. Department: Department of Legal Theory and Legal Doctrines This master's thesis is focused on questions regarding the concept and protection of users' rights in cyberspace. This thesis concerns the notion of cyberspace, regulatory systems in it, and finally the extent and protection of rights in cyberspace. The aim of this thesis is, first, to analyse the situation of protection of rights in cyberspace, and second, to identify the ways to improve this situation. This thesis is subdivided into four parts. The first part is of descriptive nature. It covers some fundamental concepts related to the topic. It describes the notion of cyberspace, the notion and structure of the Internet and the actors who play a role in governance of the Internet. The second part is aimed at regulatory systems. It describes regulatory systems in both online world (cyberspace) and offline world. These two groups are then compared. Finally, this part demonstrates the impact of the identified discrepancies on practical examples. The third part relates to the extent of rights in cyberspace. It tries to choose an appropriate theoretical method and it discusses the...
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The legal nature of a trust (legal and comparative analysis)
Urban, Ondřej ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Ondřejek, Pavel (referee)
59 ENGLISH ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is an interpretation of English trust law, including historical context and comparative application of the acquired knowledge on the Czech legal institute of "svěřenský fond". A critical assessment of the legal regulations governing "svěřenský fond" is followed by theoretical consideration of its legal nature. The work, except the introduction and conclusion, is divided into four main chapters, with the first chapter dealing with the historical roots of the trust. The reader will become familiar with the Roman fideicomissum, the English legal institute called "use" and its influence on the emergence of the law of equity. She will also learn how use turned into trust and what the economic reasons for such a change were. The second part defines the English trust, describes it and clarifies the three main conditions for its creation under applicable law - the three certainties. Further, it will explain who the settlor, trustee and beneficiary are, along with their rights and obligations. It also focuses on the three main types of trusts. Express trusts, created by an act of the settlor and the resulting and constructive trusts, which are created by decision of the courts. The third chapter concerns itself with the "svěřenský fond", as stipulated by the Czech Civil...
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Making juridical acts by legal entities (A theoretical conception)
Šilhavý, Filip ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
Herein presented thesis intends to outline some of the conceptual yet practical issues that arise as of the effect of the new civil code in relation to conceptual changes of legal doctrine of legal persons and its legal acting. In chapter 2 hereof the author briefly illustrates the history and development of legal persons in the continental Europe with a special focus on the theories of legal persons. In the end of the chapter the author analyzes the current concept of the legal persons in the legal system of the Czech Republic. In chapter 3 hereof the author describes the primary principles upon which the concept of legal persons and its legal acting is built. The author also briefly analyzes the term and meaning of legal acting in general. The author further engages in analysis of acting of legal persons and its legal nature in relation to the question of who is the person acting; whether it is a legal act performed by a natural person acting in representation of the legal person or whether it is the legal person who acts on its own. In the final part of the chapter the author analyses the law on acting of legal representatives on behalf of the legal person and outlines the issues arising thereof. In chapter 4 the author describes and analyses particular issues that arise from the effective law....
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A Theoretical Conception of Just Satisfaction under Recent Law - Selected Issues
Janeček, Václav ; Beran, Karel (referee) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
As it is apparent from its title, the overall aim of this study is to analyse the theoretical conception of just satisfaction. Satisfaction is a type remedy which is being awarded for non-pecuniary loss, i.e. for loss on all rights other than those which a person can own or translate. In this work I look at (1) basic categories of the conception of just satisfaction and (2) on their mutual relation. Then I also ask, (3) when it is possible to award just satisfaction, (4) what kind of non-pecuniary loss a claimant can sue, (5) how it shall be repaired, and finally (6) under what circumstances the award of just satisfaction can bear punitive or preventative function. This study is divided into nine chapters. First I look at linguistic and juristic meaning of the notion satisfaction (chapter 2 and 3). Then, I delve into the system of delictual liability and the role of just satisfaction in this system. Here I also use a comparative method of research. In this system I ask on the relation between negligence and strict liability. In the same, third chapter I look for and analyse basic characteristics of just satisfaction in relation to damages. This brings me to more basic question on the elementary conditions from which the remedy in question and also damages in general can arise. Thus in the fourth, longest...
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Due managerial care and diligence as a criterion for the determination of liability (a legal and comparative analysis)
Krtoušová, Lucie ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Kühn, Zdeněk (referee)
Diploma thesis - abstract Due managerial care and diligence as a criterion for the determination of liability (a legal and comparative analysis) Lucie Krtoušová The purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse the interpretation of the concept of the due managerial care and diligence and consider the requirements that a director must comply with. The method used in this paper is the comparative analysis. As a basis of the comparative analysis it is chosen the British concept of fiduciary duties and duty of care, skill and diligence which is compared with the Czech concept of the care of a prudent manager. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the concept of the due managerial care and diligence. Chapter One is introductory and defines basic terminology used in the thesis such as the director, the care of a prudent manager, the duty of loyalty, fiduciary duties and the duty of care, skill and diligence. Chapter Two examines the British concept of fiduciary duties. The chapter consists of five parts. Part One focuses on introduction into the system of general duties of directors. Part Two explains the fiduciary position of a director. Part Three and Four address the two aspects of the duty of loyalty, i.e. the duty to act in the interest of the company and...
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Abuse of Law in the European and Comparative Context
Fuksová, Lucie ; Beran, Karel (referee) ; Tryzna, Jan (referee)
Prohibition of abuse of law is a general legal principle. It enables judge not to follow wording of certain prohibition of law, if he comes to conclusion that the tax subject abuses law contrary to its purpose. As the result, the respective tax subject is not granted with that right. In the Czech Republic this principle can be found mostly in the area of private law. However it is more controversial in the tax law area, where the principle of abuse of law serves as an instrument for hindering too aggressive tax planning. This thesis deals with the principle from various points of view. After a theoretical introduction it describes evolution of the doctrine in the European law, from where the so callled "two-tier abuse test" was implemented into Czech tax law. Few examples are provided to describe the concept of abuse of law in private law, where this principle forms a subset of conducts contrary to bonos mores. Then the work describes the judicial doctrine of the Supreme Administrative Court in tax matters. Since 2005 the notion of abuse of law has been determined and defined towards other institutes which serve as weapons of Tax Authorities against too aggressive tax planning. These other institutes are sham transactions (dissimulation), tax fraud or even invalidity of the transaction due to non-compliance...
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Punitive aspects of damages (legal and comparative analysis)
Janeček, Václav ; Beran, Karel (advisor) ; Kühn, Zdeněk (referee)
Czech courts regularly deal with a question of so-called just satisfaction; particularly, when, on what basis, and how much should be awarded. Just satisfaction, as a form of damages, is primarily compensatory. However, there are some indications that it is perfectly legitimate for law of damages to pursue also another aims than compensation such as prevention or punishment. This view was recently upheld by the Czech Constitutional Court and the Highest Court of the Czech Republic. According to doctrinal approach, it is the domain of punitive or exemplary damages as a specific Anglo-American instrument that covers these two principles (prevention and punishment). Still, the Czech Civil courts consistently refuse to award exemplary damages albeit they do not provide us any sound argumentation. The author of this article suggests it is inaccurate and only partial understanding of exemplary damages that causes the current judicial refusal of them. While focusing on current English and Czech law, the author in his article describes exemplary damages in great detail with respect to their theoretical, conceptual and systematic position. Subsequently, he shows that the negative attitude of the Czech courts is not always appropriate. First, looking at relevant case law, the article characterises what the...
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Cause, consideration and the purpose of contract law
Šebeková, Veronika ; Kühn, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Beran, Karel (referee)
of the Master thesis This Master thesis deals with an institute of the Czech contract law - kauza (causa). The example of kauza (and consideration) illustrate the tendency of legal systems to keep institutes once they have been created, even at the cost of inconsistent changes in their definition, purpose or function. The original meaning of the institutes is continuously blurred which makes it difficult to assess whether their use in the current legal system is substantiated. The main purpose of the thesis is to contribute to a clarification of the real function of kauza in the Czech contract law. Unlike in foreign legal publications, kauza is rather marginalized in Czech legal writings. Authors that deal with the problems of kauza (at least to some extend) often come to mutually exclusive/ inconsistent conclusions. The classical doctrine of causa makes little sense in the consensual concept of contract that seems to be favored in the Czech legal theory. Namely, the requirement of kauza appears to be additional to a requirement of consensus of the parties. Such theoretical discrepancy may be one of the reasons why the meaning of kauza in the Czech law is still unclear. Contract theories facilitate a deeper understanding of contracts, contract law and its particular institutes. However, the Czech...
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The duty to prevent damages and its impact in individual legal regimes
Klein, Šimon ; Kühn, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Beran, Karel (referee)
Duty to prevent damage and its effects in particular legal branches Abstract: The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the duty to prevent damage in the context czech of legal system, to prove that prevention is integral to the system of civil liability and examine special consequences of this duty outside the scope of civil law, i.e. in criminal and administrative law. The reason for my research is increasing importance of revention in modern legal discourse. The thesis is composed of six chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the principle of prevention and its development. Chapter One is introductory, analyses and defines the phenomenon of prevention in the civil law. The chapter is subdivided into four parts. Part one briefly describes the emphasis on the prevention in civil liability by the law and economics. Part two analyses the principle of neminem laedere and its importance within the principle of prevention. Part three draws conclusions from the preceeding parts and defines the duty to prevent damage in the civil law. Part four then describes who might be the subject of such a duty. Chapter Two examines the development of the principle of prevention within the czech legal system and examples of relevant case law. It is subdivided into four parts, examining succesive civil codes...
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