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Characterization of the effect of pregnanolone sulfate and its derivatives on NMDA receptors.
Švehla, Pavel ; Vyklický, Ladislav (advisor) ; Blahoš, Jaroslav (referee)
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a subtype of receptors for major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. Their activity is regulated by variety of allosteric modulators, including endogenous neurosteroids and their synthetic analogues. NMDAreceptor dysfunction is implicated in various forms of neurodegeneration and inhibitory neurosteroids have unique therapeutic potential to act as neuroprotective agens. The aim of this work is to investigate relationship between structure and function of neurosteroids with modifications in the D-ring region, using whole-cell patch clamp recording at recombinant GluN1/GluN2B receptors. In this work, we characterised inhibition effect of 19 neurosteroid analogues on NMDA receptor activity and found several of them to be potent NMDA receptor inhibitors. According to our results, there is a linear relationship of IC50 and lipophilicity of a neurosteroid compound, suggesting the plasma membrane plays an important role in neurosteroid access to NMDA receptor. Indeed, using capacitance recording configuration in combination with amphipathic molecule gamma-cyclodextrin, we were able to separate the kinetic of neurosteroid membrane binding from receptor binding. Moreover, these experiments showed that neurosteroid accumulation in the...
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Characterization of the effect of pregnanolone sulfate and its derivatives on NMDA receptors.
Švehla, Pavel ; Vyklický, Ladislav (advisor) ; Blahoš, Jaroslav (referee)
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a subtype of receptors for major excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. Their activity is regulated by variety of allosteric modulators, including endogenous neurosteroids and their synthetic analogues. NMDAreceptor dysfunction is implicated in various forms of neurodegeneration and inhibitory neurosteroids have unique therapeutic potential to act as neuroprotective agens. The aim of this work is to investigate relationship between structure and function of neurosteroids with modifications in the D-ring region, using whole-cell patch clamp recording at recombinant GluN1/GluN2B receptors. In this work, we characterised inhibition effect of 19 neurosteroid analogues on NMDA receptor activity and found several of them to be potent NMDA receptor inhibitors. According to our results, there is a linear relationship of IC50 and lipophilicity of a neurosteroid compound, suggesting the plasma membrane plays an important role in neurosteroid access to NMDA receptor. Indeed, using capacitance recording configuration in combination with amphipathic molecule gamma-cyclodextrin, we were able to separate the kinetic of neurosteroid membrane binding from receptor binding. Moreover, these experiments showed that neurosteroid accumulation in the...
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Structure, function and pharmacology of NMDA receptors
Švehla, Pavel ; Vyklický, Ladislav (advisor) ; Bendová, Zdeňka (referee)
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter between neurons in the central nervous system. The effect of glutamate is caused by the activation of distinct ionotropic glutamate channels: AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors. NMDA receptors play a critical role in the synaptic plasticity and excitotoxicity. Despite the crucial role of these receptors in the right function of the brain, their overexcitation under pathological conditions may result in such neurological disorders as Alzheimers, Parkinsons and Huntingtons diseases. The aim of this work is to review available data concerning the molecular structure of NMDA subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors, their pharmacology and therapeutic potential.
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Kinesiology analysis of activities sampled muscular groups during overhead throw and pitching at softball.
Švehla, Pavel ; Süss, Vladimír (advisor) ; Novotný, Petr (referee)
-, Headline: Kinesiology analysis of activities sampled muscular groups during overhead throw and pitching at softball. -.,. Aims of thesis: I will make kinesilogy analysy and compose framework coordination map ofsampled musles groups which working during overhead throw and softball pitch. -, Methods: Surface electromyography (SEMG) measure in combination with simple kinematics analysis. -, Results: They showed the different between the techniques each kind ofthrows and especialy different in activation ofmain musles groups. They can be used for comparison with other studies. J;> Key words: softball, rotation motion, musles chain, electromyography, overhead throw and softball pitch 3
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Waste Management and waste use of city Jilove u Prahy
Šauer, Adam ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor)
This paper defines the basic concepts of waste management. With a focus on waste management of Jílové near Prague, it refers to possible shortcomings and proposes solutions along with improved overall efficiency of this activity. They were used facts and data from the city, which were then compared with current trends and one of similar cities in Germany. Marginally work deals with the awareness and interest of citizens in the municipality, using questionnaires. The solution we should provide such information to the village, which will serve to further decisions in the field of waste management and also help you keep up with current trends in comparison with waste management with a country that has over the Czech Republic in this area a considerable lead.
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Treatment of Liquid Phase of Digestate Enabling More Effective Utilization of Nutrients
Kotrč, Vlastislav ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Kulhánek, Martin (referee)
The present thesis focuses on theoretical evaluation of possible ways of processing liquid fraction of fermentation residue, allowing more efficient use of nutrients.
The introductory part is devoted to biogas, he described its origin, characteristics and possible uses. It is also characterized by a process of anaerobic fermentation and the factors influencing its course. The resulting products are energy-rich biogas and also mentioned fermentation residue. The fourth chapter describes the principle of operation of a biogas plant and a closer approach to the current situation in the Czech Republic and Europe. The main part deals with the rest of the so-called fermentation. Digestate and in particular its separate liquid component Liquid digestate containing a large amount of nutrients that can be effectively used with appropriate procedures. The final chapter is devoted to a description and critical evaluation of the methods of pre-treatment Liquid digestate.
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Factors Affecting the Start-up and the Efficiency of Nitrification Process during Biological Pre-treatment of Fugate
Brychtová, Martina ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Iva, Iva (referee)
The thesis deals with assessment of the effect of pH value, temperature, concentration of toxic forms of nitrogen, concentration of dissolved oxygen and other factors on the process of start-up of the nitrification reactor serving for biological pre-treatment of fugate. Another objective of this thesis is to assess the effect of the conditions prevailing in the reactor on the efficiency of transformation of N-ammon to oxidized forms of nitrogen.
During the system start-up, nitrifying activated sludge sampled from the regeneration zone of the activation process at the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant in Prague was used as inoculum. The laboratory model with suspended biomass consisted of a nitrification
reactor, the working volume of which was 1.5 l in the first part of the experiment and 5 l in the second part of the experiment. The system start-up lasted from 17 April 2015 to
approximately 12 May 2015 (days 0 to 32). N-ammon concentration in the inflow ranged from 1660 mg/l to 3000 mg/l. Volume loading of ammonia-nitrogen in the reactor ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 kg/(m3.d). During the experiment, the dissolved oxygen concentration ranged 3.6 to 6.8 mg/l, and the temperature range was 23 C°.
The performed experiment confirmed that it is possible to start up and maintain longterm the nitrification process also in fugate from a biogas station. It has been proved that despite the extreme characteristics of fugate, the nitrification process can be incorporated from the first days of the reactor operation. From the beginning of the experiment, N-NO3 was abundantly generated. N-ammon oxidizing efficiency ranged between 90 and 99 % and
influenced particular by pH values.
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Factors Affecting the Distribution of Nitrification's Final Products during Biological Pre-Treatment of Fugate
Kyselová, Aneta ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Zuzana, Zuzana (referee)
In this diploma thesis, the influence of chemical composition of fugate, pH value, temperature and other factors on representation of final products of nitrification during biological pretreatment of fugate produced in agricultural biogas stations was evaluated.
During the experiment, fugate from biogas station Nový Dvůr with N-amon concentration in the range of 1300 - 3200 mg/l at input was processed. Results from the time period beginning on 21. September 2015 and ending on 22. December 2015 (day 0 - 93) were assessed. Nitrification reactor of five liter operational volume was placed in a laboratory at temperatures ranging from 20.4 to 25.2 degrees Celsius. During the experiment, volumetric loading of N-amon reactor ranged from 0,18 to 0,44 kg/(m3.d) and efficiency of N-amon removal from 68,6 to 96,9 percent. Hydraulic period of water delay was being decreased from 12,3 days to approximately 4,2 days during the experiment. pH value was regulated by NaOH to be approximately 7.
The experiment proved that it was possible to attain the process of nitrification in the aggressive medium of fugate. It was ascertained that pH value, which determined current concentration of Free Nitrous Acid (FNA), had significant influence on representation of final products of nitrification. Concentrations of N-NO2 in the reflux from the reactor were being increased from 130 up to 1840 mg/l during the process on the grounds of pH value fluctuations and increasing FNA concentration which inhibited activity of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The representation of N-NO2 from day 0 to day 93 of the experiment gradually increased from 19 percent up to 95 percent. Concentrations of N-NO3 from day 0 to day 3 increased from 570 to 1056 mg/l and conversely from day 3 to day 93 they gradually decreased from 570 mg/l to approximately 100 mg/l. Representation of N-NO3 decreased from 80 percent to 5 percent from day 0 to day 93 and it was not possible to retain them as dominant products of nitrification on the ground of sensitivity of NOB.
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The Influence of Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficiency of Deammonification Process During Wastewater Treatment
Fridrichová, Michala ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Vojtěch , Vojtěch (referee)
Deammonification is biological process, where ammonia is removed out of the wastewater. Advantages, compared to traditional nitrification/denitrification, consist in saving energy used to aeration and lower requirements to organic substrate. Anammox bacteria, which are realizing the process are very sensitive. Their optimal temperature is about 35 °C to 45 °C. In real life, the treatment of wastewater runs in lower temperature. This thesis is focused on the influence of temperature fluctuation on efficiency of deammonification.
For the experiment was used model with CSTR reactor, which deals with adjusted sludge water from anaerobic sludge stabilization. Sludge water from ÚČOV Praha was diluted by tap water and nitrite nitrogen was added. Anammox bacteria were cultivated in form of suspension (activated sludge), which was obtained in anammox reactor from estonian university in Tartu. The experiment lasted 280 days. It was divided into three phases, depending on changing temperature. In the first part, the average temperature was 23,3 °C, in the second part 27,5 °C, and in the third part was setted up the temperature decrease from 27 °C to 16,2 °C. The volume load of Ntotal was between 0,024 and 0,174 kg/(m3.d).
With increasing temperature was noticed increasing efficiency of N-amon and N-
NO2- removal. The hypothesis, that anammox rector can be succesfully operated in low temperature (18,3 °C), was confirmed. Inhibition caused by temperature was noticed under 16,2 °C. At this point, efficiency of removal N-amon, N-NO2-, N-NO3- and Ntotal decreased. Anammox bacteria approved ability to deal with short-term (1 week) temperature drop. After increase of temperature from 16,2 °C back to 23,9 °C, it was detected high ability to remove nitrogen forms. Average effectivity of Ntotal removal was 45,1 %. Higher efficiency was reached of N-amon, it was 72,0 %. During the experiment was removed 88,9 % N-NO2-. Because of the collected results, we can say, the annamox reactor can be sucessfully run in lower temperatures around 16,2 °C, if inhibition caused by temperature is short-term.
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Use of the Products of Innovative Methods Applied for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewaters
Ulrichová, Alena ; Švehla, Pavel (advisor) ; Hanč, Aleš (referee)
The thesis gives an overview of the various innovative processes removing nitrogen compounds from waste water leading to the production of materials potentially usable in agriculture. Information was sought primarily in foreign scientific articles published in journals with impact factor.
Review is focused on the use of algae for wastewater treatment, while the attention is paid to the possibilities of agronomic use of algal biomass produced in the process of wastewater treatment. Algae using in wastewater treatment is field which offers many ways to improve the cleaning process. First, it is possible to choose the most suitable algae taxon for the type of waste water. To the algae can be applied knowledge of genetic engineering and finally the cleaning process can be improved by the technology used for the cultivation of algae. Algal biomass cultivated in sewage treatment plants can be used in agriculture as fertilizer or feed and nutrient supplement or as a biofuel.
In this review were also studied physico-chemical processes of removing nitrogen compounds from waste water, with an emphasis on the use of their products in agriculture. In the study is described the precipitation of struvite, which reduces the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater and its product can be used in agriculture as a fertilizer rich in phosphorus and nitrogen. Its use in organic farming has been advised a group of experts from the European Commission. Ammonium ion can be obtained by stripping from the wastewater. Stripped ammonium ion can than be collected it into acid, which is reacted to form an ammonium salt usable in conventional agriculture as fertilizer. Zeolites with its high sorption capacity, provide the possibility of capturing nutrients from wastewater and its application to the soil is provided a slow release of these nutrients. However, it is necessary to prevent the sorption of heavy metals that would be released from the zeolite to the soil and cause the toxic pollution.
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