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On the Effect of Human Resources on Tourist Infrastructure: New Ideas on Heteroscedastic Modeling Using Regression Quantiles
Kalina, Jan ; Janáček, Patrik
Tourism represents an important sector of the economy in many countries around the world. In this work, we are interested in the effect of the Human Resources and Labor Market pillar of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index on tourist service infrastructure across 141 countries of the world. A regression analysis requires to handle heteroscedasticity in these data, which is not an uncommon situation in various available human capital studies. Our first task is focused on testing significance of individual variables in the model. It is illustrated here that significance tests are influenced by heteroscedasticity, which remains true also for tests for regression quantiles or robust regression estimators, resistant to a possible contamination of data by outliers. Only if a suitable model is considered, which takes heteroscedasticity into account, the effect of the Human Resources and Labor Market pillar turns out to be significant. Further, we propose and present a new diagnostic tool denoted as aquintile plot, allowing to interpret immediately the heteroscedastic structure of the linear regression model for possibly contaminated data.
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Least Weighted Absolute Value Estimator with an Application to Investment Data
Vidnerová, Petra ; Kalina, Jan
While linear regression represents the most fundamental model in current econometrics, the least squares (LS) estimator of its parameters is notoriously known to be vulnerable to the presence of outlying measurements (outliers) in the data. The class of M-estimators, thoroughly investigated since the groundbreaking work by Huber in 1960s, belongs to the classical robust estimation methodology (Jurečková et al., 2019). M-estimators are nevertheless not robust with respect to leverage points, which are defined as values outlying on the horizontal axis (i.e. outlying in one or more regressors). The least trimmed squares estimator seems therefore a more suitable highly robust method, i.e. with a high breakdown point (Rousseeuw & Leroy, 1987). Its version with weights implicitly assigned to individual observations, denoted as the least weighted squares estimator, was proposed and investigated in Víšek (2011). A trimmed estimator based on the 𝐿1-norm is available as the least trimmed absolute value estimator (Hawkins & Olive, 1999), which has not however acquired attention of practical econometricians. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, its version with weights implicitly assigned to individual observations seems to be still lacking.
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Regression for High-Dimensional Data: From Regularization to Deep Learning
Kalina, Jan ; Vidnerová, Petra
Regression modeling is well known as a fundamental task in current econometrics. However, classical estimation tools for the linear regression model are not applicable to highdimensional data. Although there is not an agreement about a formal definition of high dimensional data, usually these are understood either as data with the number of variables p exceeding (possibly largely) the number of observations n, or as data with a large p in the order of (at least) thousands. In both situations, which appear in various field including econometrics, the analysis of the data is difficult due to the so-called curse of dimensionality (cf. Kalina (2013) for discussion). Compared to linear regression, nonlinear regression modeling with an unknown shape of the relationship of the response on the regressors requires even more intricate methods.
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Lexicalized Syntactic Analysis by Restarting Automata
Mráz, F. ; Otto, F. ; Pardubská, D. ; Plátek, Martin
We study h-lexicalized two-way restarting automata that can rewrite at most i times per cycle for some i ≥ 1 (hRLWW(i)-automata). This model is considered useful for the study of lexical (syntactic) disambiguation, which is a concept from linguistics. It is based on certain reduction patterns. We study lexical disambiguation through the formal notion of h-lexicalized syntactic analysis (hLSA). The hLSA is composed of a basic language and the corresponding h-proper language, which is obtained from the basic language by mapping all basic symbols to input symbols. We stress the sensitivity of hLSA by hRLWW(i)-automata to the size of their windows, the number of possible rewrites per cycle, and the degree of (non-)monotonicity. We introduce the concepts of contextually transparent languages (CTL) and contextually transparent lexicalized analyses based on very special reduction patterns, and we present two-dimensional hierarchies of their subclasses based on the size of windows and on the degree of synchronization. The bottoms of these hierarchies correspond to the context-free languages. CTL creates a proper subclass of context-sensitive languages with syntactically natural properties.
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Implicitly weighted robust estimation of quantiles in linear regression
Kalina, Jan ; Vidnerová, Petra
Estimation of quantiles represents a very important task in econometric regression modeling, while the standard regression quantiles machinery is well developed as well as popular with a large number of econometric applications. Although regression quantiles are commonly known as robust tools, they are vulnerable to the presence of leverage points in the data. We propose here a novel approach for the linear regression based on a specific version of the least weighted squares estimator, together with an additional estimator based only on observations between two different novel quantiles. The new methods are conceptually simple and comprehensible. Without the ambition to derive theoretical properties of the novel methods, numerical computations reveal them to perform comparably to standard regression quantiles, if the data are not contaminated by outliers. Moreover, the new methods seem much more robust on a simulated dataset with severe leverage points.
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A Nonparametric Bootstrap Comparison of Variances of Robust Regression Estimators.
Kalina, Jan ; Tobišková, Nicole ; Tichavský, Jan
While various robust regression estimators are available for the standard linear regression model, performance comparisons of individual robust estimators over real or simulated datasets seem to be still lacking. In general, a reliable robust estimator of regression parameters should be consistent and at the same time should have a relatively small variability, i.e. the variances of individual regression parameters should be small. The aim of this paper is to compare the variability of S-estimators, MM-estimators, least trimmed squares, and least weighted squares estimators. While they all are consistent under general assumptions, the asymptotic covariance matrix of the least weighted squares remains infeasible, because the only available formula for its computation depends on the unknown random errors. Thus, we take resort to a nonparametric bootstrap comparison of variability of different robust regression estimators. It turns out that the best results are obtained either with MM-estimators, or with the least weighted squares with suitable weights. The latter estimator is especially recommendable for small sample sizes.
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