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The role of synaptic modulation in pain states.
Adámek, Pavel ; Paleček, Jiří (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Everybody has experienced pain. Pain by definition is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In the peripheral tissues acute painful stimuli activate specialized endings of afferent neurons called nociceptors. The information about tissue damage is then transmitted to the cell bodies of these dorsal root ganglion neurons by unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons (C and A fibers, respectively). The central branches of these neurons form synapses with superficial dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. The information is conveyed at the synaptic connections by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and many others neuromodulators. Important is the subsequent activation of projection neurons that transmit the information to supraspinal brain areas. Activity of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, glial cells and descending pathways from the CNS are also important for the modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level. After peripheral tissue damage and in other pathological states, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimuli may develop. As results of this change innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful (alodynia) and increased pain is perceived after noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia). The underlying mechanisms of these changes may be...
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Methods for measuring pain in animals
Štěrbová, Petra ; Vaculín, Šimon (advisor) ; Nerandžič, Vladimír (referee)
Pain in animals was almost completely overlooked in the last years. It was assumed that animals do not suffer because they are not able to tell it anyway. In a recent time we know that it's not truth and the animals can physically feel pain as we do. This thesis is summarization of the basic knowledge about the pain measurement of animals. However, there are two different approaches to the measurement of pain. The first one is based on the threshold of pain, the another one observes changes in behavior. There have been number of animal models developed in order to pain detection. Exploration of the pain in animals can help us to clarify mechanisms and treatments for serious and chronic neuropathic pain. From an ethical point of view, it's almost impossible to expose a person to serious neuropathic injury for experimental purposes. Therefore, in these cases, the animals are commonly used. And besides this fact, nowadays animals represent a full member of the family for many people, so it is something like moral obligation for us to relieve a pain in animals.
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The role of synaptic modulation in pain states.
Adámek, Pavel ; Paleček, Jiří (advisor) ; Moravec, Jan (referee)
Everybody has experienced pain. Pain by definition is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In the peripheral tissues acute painful stimuli activate specialized endings of afferent neurons called nociceptors. The information about tissue damage is then transmitted to the cell bodies of these dorsal root ganglion neurons by unmyelinated or thinly myelinated axons (C and A fibers, respectively). The central branches of these neurons form synapses with superficial dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord. The information is conveyed at the synaptic connections by neurotransmitters such as glutamate and many others neuromodulators. Important is the subsequent activation of projection neurons that transmit the information to supraspinal brain areas. Activity of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, glial cells and descending pathways from the CNS are also important for the modulation of nociceptive information at the spinal cord level. After peripheral tissue damage and in other pathological states, increased sensitivity to peripheral stimuli may develop. As results of this change innocuous stimuli are perceived as painful (alodynia) and increased pain is perceived after noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia). The underlying mechanisms of these changes may be...
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