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The influence of extreme precipitation on washout of potassium and sodium ions from the Liz basin in the period of 2002-2009
Vondrka, A. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Šír, M.
Extreme rains strongly influence the intensity of leaching of sodium and potassium from the soil cover. The question therefore arises whether it is possible to find some connection between extreme rains and sodium and potassium leaching. During the period of 2002-2009, measurement of rainfall, runoff, and chemical data on catchment Liz (Czech Republic, Bohemian Forest, 828–1074 m a. s. l., mature spruce forest, Podzolic Eutric Cambisol) gave the following conclusions about the washout of potassium and sodium ion from the basin: (1) In monthly periods, extreme loss of both potassium and sodium ions correlated with high precipitation amounts. (2) In annual periods, only extreme loss of sodium ions correlated with high precipitation amounts.
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The balance of sodium and potassium ions to Liz catchment in the period of 1994-2009
Štěpánová, M. ; Tesař, Miroslav ; Vondrka, A. ; Šír, M.
The article describes the balance of potassium and sodium ions in relation to rainfall and runoff in a small mountain basin Liz (Czech Republic, Bohemian Forest, 828–1074 m a. s. l., mature spruce forest, Podzolic Eutric Cambisol) in the period from 1994 to 2009. It was found that the average annually leaching of sodium reached 11,90±3,24 kg ha-1 year-1 and that the average annually leaching of potassium reached 0,56±2,18 kg ha-1 year-1. The ionic composition of runoff showed that the runoff is mostly created by underground water.
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Runoff from a small mountain basin due to soil water oversaturation
Vondrka, A. ; Šír, Miloslav ; Tesař, Miroslav
Analysis of runoff in a small mountain basin enables better understanding of the mechanisms of extreme runoff formation in small watersheds. Especially the proportion of old (soil) and new (rain) water in various stages of runoff is evaluated. The paper describes a method to determine when the new rainwater flows in a stream. The method is based on measurements of water conductivity and the concentration of K+ ions in the flowing water. The aim is to distinguish between old and new water flow in the closing profile of a small mountain basin. As new water is called water, which was in contact with the soil only a short time - several minutes or hours. The term old water refers to water that was retained in the soil for many days or weeks. In the growing season, the K+ concentration in soil water decreases with the duration of contact of water with soil and plant roots, thus the K+ concentration in the water is an indicator of its age,ie. of the length of the delay of water in the soil.
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Hydrograph separation using ionic concentration measurement
Vondrka, A. ; Šír, Miloslav ; Tesař, Miroslav
In this article a method of hydrograph separation based on ionic concentration measurement is discussed. The goal of the method described is to distinguish the “old” and “new” water flowing in a stream in the closing profile of a small mountainous catchment. The “new water” is the rain water or the soil water which contact with the soil has a very short duration, a few minutes or hours. The term “old water” denotes water which was stored in the soil cover for many days or weeks. The Na+ and K+ ions will be used as the tracers distinguishing the “old” and “new” water. Namely, it is known that the concentration of the K+ ion in the soil water is decreasing according the growing duration of the contact of water with soil and plants roots. Ionic concentration will be measured with the help of ion selective electrodes. Two and three component separation algorithm will be used for the hydrograph separation.
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