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Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in birds
HOLUBOVÁ, Nikola
Cryptosporidium is a genus of single-cell protist parasites that infect gastrointestinal, respiratory and/or urogenital tract of most vertebrates, including humans, and it causes the disease cryptosporidiosis. According to the World Health Organisation, cryptosporidiosis is a global diarrhoeal disease affecting millions of individuals; it is the second most common cause of infantile death in developing countries and is has been identified as an emerging cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease is also severe in livestock, causing profuse diarrhoea and considerable economic losses in farmed young animals. Although Cryptosporidium has been under intensive investigation for more than 35 years, research has been heavily biased towards Cryptosporidium in humans, livestock, and other mammals, with comparatively little attention paid to Cryptosporidium in birds. Currently, there are 49 described valid Cryptosporidium species infecting a wide spectrum of animals. In addition to the validly described species, dozens of genotypes have been described that lack sufficient data to justify a species designation. Out of these, six species, three were described within this thesis, and 20 genotypes has been reported to be bird specific. The thesis greatly expands the overview of bird-derived Cryptosporidium, focusing on its prevalence and diversity across 25 orders and 176 families within the class Aves, morphology of developmental stages, host- and organ specificity, pathogenicity and transmission.
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Methods of Measuring Rainfall Characteristics
Holubová, Nikola ; Petrů, Jan (advisor) ; Gregar, Jan (referee)
Atmospheric precipitation is the most important meteorological phenomenon on the Earth. Therefore, more and more studies about its structure and properties have been created. Many researches describing characteristics and measurements of the precipitation have been created for more than one century. The first manual techniques, such as the method using a filter paper, which were used by the end of the 19. century, were very inaccurate. Demands on more modern techniques of measurement were rising during the 20th century. Many fully automatic devices for measuring of the precipitations characteristics were developed. Advances in technology have also had a lot of shortcomings. Some of them have been resolved, but some still exist.
The first part of this research work is focused on the precipitation and its importance, origin and extremes. The second part of the work deals with the precipitation characteristics, offering a comprehensive overview about the sizes of drops, their shape or the speed of the fall. The methods of measurement and their advantages and disadvantages are described in the third part.
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Endoparasites of cattle under various breeding management
HOLUBOVÁ, Nikola
Samples of excrements for parasitic investigation was taken away in 16 breeding, when it was about 3 breeding - when animals were been regularly milking, 11 breeding of fatcattle, one breeding of wisents and one breeding of aurochs. It was been observing the influence of technology of breeding, when it was about ecology breeding. Utility type of fatcattle was been permanently grazing, milk animal was 6 months grazing and 6 months stabled. Hobby breeding of wisents and aurochs was been breeded whole year on the pasture. According the lokality, where the breeding is, was noticed the altitude. Statistic analysis proved that the decrease of prevalence kryptosporids infection was in the straight relationship with the increase of altitude. The most infected was herds breeded to the 500 metres altitude. Ossurrence of endoparasites was observed on the dependence of seasonal occurrence. The most low prevalence of parasites infections was found out at miking animals, so that means stabled animals and grazing. Statistic analysis proved animals breeded in system of whole year grazing are statistical to much more infected by parasites than animals breed like technology combined grazing and stabling. Pursuance of occurence and risk of infection of individual species of parasites were consensus statistical comparison found out that animal whole year grazing are 7,25× frequently infected by fluke of Paramphistomum genus (?2=16,4; d.f.=1; P<0,001). In the comparison was no found out diference beetwen occurrence of cocsids genus Eimeria, infusorian of Buxtonella genus, nematode Trichostrongylidea family and fluke Fasciola hepatica species in the dependence of cattle breeding technology. In the breeding was used anti-parasites medicamets IVOMEC SUPER and HELMIGAL. Pursuance of detailed analysis I grew up the end that application of anti-parasites medicamets had no influence on occurrence and prevalence of Fasciola hepatica fluke s pecies and pulmonary nemathods Dictyocaulus genus. On the contrary animals - which weren´t cured anti-parasites medicamets ? were 4,85× frequently inficated by gastrointestinal nemathods (GIN).
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Intraspecies variability of Cryptosporidium parvum infecting calves
HOLUBOVÁ, Nikola
Faecal samples for parasitologic examination were obtained from ten farms. A total of 161 faecal specimens were fixed on a slide by methanol and stained with aniline-carbol-methyl violet. Of the 161 specimens, 47 (29,2 %) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts presence, namely Cryptosporidium parvum. The prevalence of C. parvum infection was highest in calves around 2 weeks of age, the erder ones were also recorded to be positive but in a weeker intensity. As the most risky management system was evaluated to be technology group housing and housing in ``Staimanové boudy{\crqq}, which were in close proximity and contact between neighboring calves was not prevented. In each breeding, only one type of subtype was detected.
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