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THE BODY IMAGE OF YOUNG GIRLS AGED FROM 15 TO 18
OUŘEDNÍKOVÁ, Zuzana
My thesis on Body image with girls at the age range 15 -18 deals with problems of body self-conception. This age period, belonging to the developmental period of adolescence, is characteristic of numerous noticeable crises, which concern psychosocial, physical, and sexual development. My work describes the particularities of developmental period of adolescence as well as historical evolution of the ideal of beauty. Last but not least it deals with the influence of the society, especially media, on the body image of adolescent girls. I also covered the concepts of self-conception, especially physical self-conception further to health {--} disease. In the practical part of my thesis a method of quantitative research was used. Data for supporting or disproving of stated hypotheses were acquired via a questionnaire. The choice of girls inquired was accidental, stratified. The aim of the thesis was to map the problem of body image with girls aged 15- 18. The partial aim was to find out how the attitude of girls towards their own bodies is influenced by media, by the sum of money invested in the improvement of their appearance in proportion with their pocket money, how the girls are satisfied with their bodies and how the above mentioned is influenced by demographic and statistic factors. The results of the research show that 57.8% of girls are dissatisfied with their bodies. Most girls receive big pocket money, but their expenses are by far below it. Only few girls were on a diet, but a lot of girls buy clothes to cover bodily imperfections. I was quite surprised by the fact that only a few girls go in for sports actively. My work also confirmed that bodily self-conception of girls is strongly influenced by media showing ideally beautiful women only when being at malnutrition limit. The results of this work draw the attention to the importance of prevention in the field of body image and related pathological phenomena {--} e.g. by means of improving the health education at schools, by realizing media campaigns, and especially by upbringing in families.
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The Difference between Planed and Real Measured Dose under the Bolus Made of New Material
KUKAČKOVÁ, Lucie
The first chapter of the theoretical part of the bachelor's thesis outlines radiotherapy in general. Radiotherapy is a clinical treatment using ionising radiation to treat malignant and benign diseases. It is one of the youngest medical disciplines. The development of radiotherapy began in November 1895, when Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovered X-rays. Radiotherapy became an independent medical specialty in 1922. The second chapter describes planning in radiotherapy. Irradiation plans for radiotherapy are created on the basis of a planning system. ECLIPSE planning system is used in the oncology department in České Budějovice Hospital. Phantoms are the theme of the third chapter. Phantoms are materials whose radiation absorption corresponds to human tissue. Water is a basic universal phantom material. In addition to water, also other materials are used, such as polystyrene, plexiglass, paraffin, PMMA etc. The last, fourth chapter of the theoretical part, deals with boluses. Boluses are tissue-equivalent materials that are put on the patient's skin during irradiation when it is needed to increase the surface dose and at the same decrease the depth dose. Moreover, bolus is used to compensate the missing tissue. Bolus is most often used to diagnose patients after mastectomy due to breast cancer. The most important characteristic of boluses is their ability to absorb radiation. In the oncology department in České Budějovice Hospital, bolus from dental wax Ceradent had been used before. A bolus made from this material was hard and uneasy to shape. That is why it did not fit tightly to the chest wall of the patient. For this reason a new line of boluses was obtained for the oncology department, from gel material supplied by CIVCO company with dimensions 30 x 30 cm and thickness 0.3 cm, 0.5 cm and 1 cm, in "skin" and "skinless" version. These new boluses stick easily to the patient's skin and copy the shape of the body. The first objective of my bachelor's thesis was to compare the doses planned and measured under the bolus from the new material. This objective is elaborated in the practical part of the bachelor's thesis in chapter presenting the results. Another objective was to elaborate the principles for the use of bolus. These principles are described in the theoretical part of the bachelor's thesis in chapter describing the use of bolus in radiotherapy. The following hypothesis was suggested in the thesis: "It can be assumed that the generated bolus in the planning system corresponds to the scanned bolus on the CT with patient and that there is a difference between the planned dose and measured one." To confirm or refute the working hypothesis, measuring was executed in the oncology department in České Budějovice Hospital. Data about individual doses were collected boluses generated in the Eclipse planning system of different width (0.3 cm, 0.5 cm, 1 cm) on phantoms. Three types of phantoms from PMMA were used for the purposes of this measuring. First, the measuring was executed on phantom in the shape of the chest wall of a patient after breast ablation. Then, the tabular phantom and universal IMRT verification phantoms were used. The measurement was executed on the Clinac 2100 C/D linear accelerator, later on the new TrueBeam 2.5. linear accelerator. All these doses were measured by ionisation chamber from PTW company with volume of 0.125cm3. The obtained data were processed in tables and deviations of individual doses were calculated. Based on this measurement it was found out that the deviations of all doses are less than 3%. And therefore also the hypothesis of the thesis was confirmed. There really is a difference between individual doses, but not so significant to affect the size of dose during the planning. As for the practical outcome, generated boluses will be used as standard in the oncology department in České Budějovice Hospital.
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Russian and Czech phraseological units containing words with the theme of space and celestial bodies
Hanušová, Libuše ; Žofková, Hana (referee) ; Nazarenko, Liliya (advisor)
This thesis entitled "Czech and Russian phrasemes containing components of the universe and celestial bodies" has for its object to gather and explore as large as possible number of phraseologisms containing the components on the theme of space and celestial bodies. It consists of several parts. In the theoretical part we engaged in phraseology as science, in some attitudes to it, in definition of phrasemes and different classifications that were created by Czech and Russian philologists. In the second part we analyzed the grammatical structure of Czech and Russian phrasemes and classified them according to their structures. In the third one we dealt with stylistic characteristics of Czech and Russian phrasemes, divided them according to stylistic characteristics of the whole phrasemes having regard for stylistic characteristics of particular component. The last part of our work is dedicated to the comparison of Czech and Russian equal phrasemes that we divided on the basis of relationship of these equivalents and their components. We explained particular phrasemes and their origin. In case the origin was not evident we had tried to explain it too. Most of those Russian phrasemes we explored has its equivalent in Czech vice versa. However, some of them have to be translated periphrasticly. 80
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Maya Calendar
Dimelisová, Eleni ; Korecká, Zuzana (advisor) ; Vrhel, František (referee)
This bachelor's thesis deals with knowledge that we have nowadays about the Maya calendar system in pre-conquest time. Furthermore, themes of Maya astronomy and the 2012 phenomenon are mentioned. This text is focused on the Maya concept of time and the Maya numeral system. Great attention is given to the basic parts of which the Maya calendar consisted - solar and sacral year, which constitute a Calendar Round, and the Long Count. This thesis is also concerned with the Maya concept of astronomy and three celestial bodies, which were very important in the Maya astronomy - the Sun, the Moon and Venus. Last chapter of this thesis concentrates on the source of the 2012 phenomenon and the opinions on this issue. Keywords Maya calendar, Maya astronomy, the 2012 phenomenon.
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Planets by Other Suns
Hrudková, Marie ; Harmanec, Petr (advisor) ; Budaj, Ján (referee) ; Torres, Guillermo (referee)
Exploring distant planetary systems can help us to understand our own. In this thesis, two methods are further investigated for this purpose. First, to detect Earth-mass planets highaccurate measurements of radial velocities and also accurate barycentric corrections are needed. The program for computing these corrections was developed. The accuracy achieved is few cm s1 and hundredths of s for radial velocity and time corrections, respectively. The program was used to compute barycentric corrections of the 51 Peg system, for which measurements with the 2-m Alfred-Jensch Telescope were taken and analysed. Second, the method of planetary transits was used for a transit timing study of two transiting exoplanetary systems, HD 189733 and TrES-1. The data were taken with the 4.2-m William Herschel Telescope and the 2.6-m Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma. The program using the Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulations was written for a purpose of a transit timing study to derive system parameters, mid-transit times and their uncertainties. An additional planet in a transiting system perturbs the motion of the transiting planet, and the interval between the mid-eclipses is not constant. Deviations from the predicted mid-transit times which can reveal the presence of other bodies in the system were analysed.
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Application of the Three-Body Problem in the form of exercises
Kolář, Karel ; Šolc, Martin (advisor) ; Franc, Tomáš (referee)
The main topic of this work is the Restricted Three-Body Problem (R3BP) which is illustrated by solving several examples and by simulations in computational system Wolfram Mathematica. The aim is to offer supplemetary material for university students and it can be used also as introduction to this topic for high school students. The first part is dedidated to history of celestial mechanics and to the people who contributed to the development of the R3B Problem. The second chapter consists of simplier tasks with definitions of basic quantities and variables and revision of the undisturbed two-body problem. Subsequent chapters are concentrated to Lagrange points, Jacobi integral, Hill surfaces, tidal force, Tisserand criterion, shape and evolution of close binary stars and other partial tasks.
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The Role of a Nurse in Prevention of Obesity in Adult Population
DUŠIČKOVÁ, Tereza
Current status: Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by an increased volume of fat in the body (Kasalický, 2011). Usually the value of the amount of fat for men is around 20 - 25 % and 25 - 30 % for women. The research of CLK JEP revealed that 52 % of the adult Czech population is overweight or obese. Compared to the year 2000 - 2001, the portion of the population with higher weight grew by 3 % b. In our population there are 46 % of women and 60 % of men with excessive weight. This result is due to the shortened time dedicated to physical activity (Lifestyle and Obesity, 2006). Subject: The aim of this work is to define the role of general nurses in preventing obesity among adults. Two research questions served this aim. What function is performed by a nurse in the prevention of obesity? What role has the nurse in the prevention of obesity? Methods: To obtain the necessary data for processing the thesis I applied qualitative research that was conducted by individual semi standardized interviews with nurses from obesitologists and general practitioners for adults. At the beginning of each interview, the nurse was informed about the reasons of the research and was assured of anonymity in the dialogue processing. The themes of the conversations were about obesity, it´s prevention, and treatment, inclusion of the role of nurses and integration of nurses in the prevention of obesity in the adult population. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using coding. This coding was carried out on the answer sheet, where the concepts were categorized. The answers of the respondents were divided into units according to their importance, these units were granted code. Further codes were categorized, therefore sorted according to context and visualized using diagrams. Participants: The group consisted of six respondents; from this number were half the nurses from obesitologists and the other half from GPs. The nurses were familiar with the questions in advance; the actual interview was recorded in writing. The survey was carried out in March 2013. Results: The results show that patients are informed about the care provided mostly by their friends or relatives (see diagram 1). The most common diseases which nurses encounter at their workplace are diabetes mellitus; hypertension, obesity, respiratory disease and back pain (see figure 3). Nurses fulfill the nursing function during the initial examination. The patient is weighed and measured, blood pressure is taken, and BMI is determined; waist circumference is measured as well as the percentage of fat. Blood is drawn from the patient and urine samples are taken. The nurses of GP´s added to those replies- hearing tests and stool testing for occult blood (see Figure 5). The whole session is managed by a physician; care is individual and depends on the disease. The patients? doctor adjusts their diet, lifestyle and gives recommendation for exercise. If these methods do not work, they prescribe medication and recommend a surgical solution (see Figure 7). We can include weighing, measuring of height, blood pressure; BMI determination, taking blood and urine samples, providing administrative and medical assistance among the competencies of nurses (see Figure 8). The role of nurses in the issue of obesity: assistant of the doctor, educator, communicator, as well as supporting the patients, lending or giving them literature or educational material (see Figure 9). Conclusion: Obesity is a very dangerous disease. It is linked to many diseases such as the above mentioned diabetes, cardiovascular disease, especially coronary artery disease and hypertension. It is important that the nurse knows how to care for obese patients properly and in primary care. The nurse occupies roles in this issue - educator (teacher), gives or lends the patient educational material, communicates and supports the patient and last but not least assists physicians.
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Photometric study of dwarf nova EX Dra
Pilarčík, Lukáš ; Wolf, Marek (advisor) ; Mayer, Pavel (referee)
Photometry of eclipsing dwarf-nova EX Draconis was performed at the observatory of Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Ondřejov and at the Astronomical Observatory on Kolonické sedlo during 63 nights. I calculated times of minimum light by two methods - the mirror method and the derivative method. The mirror method is more precise for these measurements with longer exposure time and smaller coverage of the light curve of eclipse. 53 new times of minima calculated by the mirror method and times of minima obtained from the older articles about EX Dra were included in the O-C diagram and fitted by the sine function and theoretical curve of LITE caused by an unseen third body. Period of cyclic changes for the sine function is 25 years, instead of 4 or 5 years period given in older papers.Period of the third body orbit is aproximately 17 years and its minimum mass is 53.5 Jupiter's mass. The sum of squared deviations is 5 times smaller for the LITE, which means that the LITE ilustrates the O-C diagram better. I determined the average outburst period for three observational seasons and I drew the phase curve of outburst. Finally, I calculated the short period of the light changes outside eclipse.
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Envolvement of Quality Control Tests of Treatment Planning System
ZIMOVÁ, Tereza
This Bachelor´s thesis deals with the treatment planning system Short-term Stability Check. They are carried out according to the Recommendations of the SONS using QUASAR phantoms. These phantoms are expensive, difficult to handle and the methodology for these phantoms of yearly Short-term Stability Check is unnecessarily time consuming. Then it is in the interest of the department that the QUASAR phantoms will be replaced by Inhomogeneity Phantom. Also, the National Radiation Protection Institute lends QUASAR phantoms, so they are not always available. The purpose of this thesis is verified if QUASAR phantoms can be replaced by Inhomogeneity Phantom for Short-term Stability Check. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part deals with the treatment planning system, checks of the ionizing radiation sources and technical equipment. The newly developed methodology is derived from Atomic act and the Recommendation of the SONS and as mentioned above. The treatment planning process and its algorithm are described in an independent chapter. The treatment planning is carried out in the system Eclipse. The system includes many functions, which accelerate the creation, selection and verification of treatment plans. In the following chapter are described the individual checks of the ionizing radiation sources, aimed to verify the accuracy of the devices´ parameters. The Quality Assurance of the ionizing radiation is a condition for the treatment quality and radiation protection of patients and personal. Short-term Stability Check is one of these checks. There is also described the technical equipment, which is necessary for the practical part is impossible. It includes TrueBeam linear accelerator, a 2D detector, phantoms and other equipments, such as wedges, filters. In the practical part there are 2 methodologies, the one of research and the second for Short-term Stability Check of the planning system. The research methodology includes sub-chapters that describe the workflow for Short-term Stability Check. This methodology is based upon information from the manuals of technical equipment. Before introducing the proposed methodology into practice it will be necessary to make its independent verification. Thereafter it will be needed to shorten the methodology to send it to the SONS for assessment. The proposed methodology for Short-term Stability Check of the planning system is in agreement with the on Recommendation of the SONS. In the practical part was verified the planned dose in the planning system Eclipse with measured dose only for checks with inhomogeneities. In this study is formulated the hypothesis: "Can be assumed partial or complete replacement phantoms from the firms Modus or AGMECO by Inhomogeneity Phantom supplied by the PTW company". To confirm or refute the hypothesis was collected data of individual doses. Data collection was performed by irradiating the measurement setup: the detector Octavius 729 + Inhomogeneity Phantom + appropriate number of added plates. In total four energies, 6X, 18X, 6XFFF and 10XFFF were used. Data evaluation was provided by gamma analysis, which assesses the location and size of the point in the dose matrix according to previously specified criteria. The criteria were determined by the table Tolerance. These criteria were verified at most of points. The important thing was that the criterion of 10.0 mm; 10.0% required by Recommendation of the SONS was fulfilled by all points, because it concerns a build-up area, penumbra and interfaces with inhomogeneity's. The research was successfull. It confirmed the hypothesis that QUASAR phantoms may be completely replaced by Inhomogeneity Phantom. In case of practical implementation of this methodology, it should facilitate the work and reduce significantly the time needed to perform the checks.
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