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Effect of sowing rate on the yield formation and quality of spelt wheat in organic farming
Myšková, Radka ; Capouchová, Ivana (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The area of cultivated land used for organic farming expands every year, as does consumer demand for organic food. Organic farming is a system of land cultivation without chemical inputs, because chemicals can have a negative impact on the environment, human health as well as health of farm animals. An important part of organic farming are also various sowing methods based on the alternation of a broad range of different crops. Dinkel wheat (Triticum spelta, also known as spelt or hulled wheat), is ideally suited for this system, as it is less demanding in terms of external environmental conditions than bread wheat (Triticum aestivum, also known as common wheat.
The aim of the bachelor thesis was to gain insight about the impact of the seeding rate on the yield and the consequent profit from dinkel wheat in organic farming. A second objective was to evaluate any differences in the values of selected quality indicators of grain, depending on the seed rate. Finally, on the basis of the obtained results, to choose the seeding rate which proved to be ideal in given conditions.
The results of our experiments with selected genotypes of spring and winter dinkel wheat and control varieties of bread wheat sown in different seeding rates (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 germinable seeds per m2) in the organic way of farming in the Research Station in Prague - Uhříněves show that the spring genotypes of dinkel wheat had a peak of offsetting almost a month later, in comparison with the control variety of spring bread wheat. Winter genotypes of dinkel wheat had this peak of offsetting approximately two weeks later than the control variety of winter bread wheat.
Both dinkel wheat and the control variety of bread wheat from low seeding rates (1.0 and 2.0 million of germinable seeds/ha) offset more as expected, and simultaneously achieved a higher average weight of dry aboveground biomass and biomass of the roots per plant than plants of high seeding rates (4.0 and especially 5.0 million of germinable seeds/ha).
The evaluated genotypes of dinkel wheat compared to the control varieties of bread wheat were generally characterized by intense offsetting, higher weight of dry aboveground biomass, and especially higher weight of dry matter of roots per plant.
Achieved yields were negatively influenced by the course of weather conditions, especially by the drought throughout most of the vegetation period in 2015 - spring varieties of wheat, however, were affected by the drought far more than winter wheat.
Based on the resulting yields, we can say that in our experiment the spring genotypes of dinkel wheat had the highest yields in the seeding rate of 4.0 million of germinable seeds/ha, for winter dinkel wheat the best seeding rate was 3.0 million of germinable seeds/ha (however, variety of Rubiota had a high yield already with the seeding rate of 2.0 million of germinable seeds/ha). To specify the information, it is needed to obtain results from more years.
From the evaluated genotypes, the yield of white spring dinkel wheat slightly outperformed the control variety of bread wheat Granny and in particular the second genotype of dinkel wheat, T. spelta KEW. In the case of winter varieties, the yield of dinkel wheat Alkor outperformed the second variety of winter dinkel wheat Rubiota as well as the control variety of bread wheat Penalta.
The evaluation of qualitative parameters showed that genotypes of dinkel wheat outperformed the control varieties of bread wheat, especially in the content of N-substances and wet gluten content in grain dry matter. Both spring genotypes of dinkel wheat also achieved very good results in the Zeleny sedimentation test - both exceeded the minimum value required from wheat for bakeries (30 ml). Also winter varieties of dinkel wheat Rubiota exceeded this limit. The number of decrease was high in the evaluated varieties of winter wheat, while spring wheat was negatively affected by sprouting due to the rainy weather just before the harvest. The level of seeding rate had no effect on the values of qualitative indicators.
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